FPGA-Based Smart Sensor to Detect Current Transformer Saturation during Inrush Current Measurement
Current transformer saturation affects measurement accuracy and, consequently, protection reliability. One important concern in the case of overcurrent protections is the discrimination between faults and inrush current in power transformers. This paper presents an FPGA-based smart sensor to detect...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/744 |
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| author | G. de J. Martínez-Figueroa Felipe Córcoles-López Santiago Bogarra |
| author_facet | G. de J. Martínez-Figueroa Felipe Córcoles-López Santiago Bogarra |
| author_sort | G. de J. Martínez-Figueroa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Current transformer saturation affects measurement accuracy and, consequently, protection reliability. One important concern in the case of overcurrent protections is the discrimination between faults and inrush current in power transformers. This paper presents an FPGA-based smart sensor to detect current transformer saturation, especially during inrush current conditions. Several methods have been proposed in the literature, but some are unsuitable for inrush currents due to their particular waveform. The proposed algorithm implemented on the smart sensor uses two time-domain features of the measured secondary current: the second-order difference function and the third-order statistic central moment. The proposed smart sensor presents high effectiveness and immunity against noise with accurate results in different conditions: different residual flux, resistive burdens, sampling frequency, and noise levels. The points at which saturation starts are detected with an accuracy of approximately 100%. Regarding the end of saturation, the proposed method detects the right ending points with a maximum error of a sample. The smart sensor has been tested on experimental online and real-time conditions (including an anti-aliasing filter) with accurate results. Unlike most existing methods, the proposed smart sensor operates efficiently during inrush conditions. The smart sensor presents high-speed processing despite its simplicity and low computational cost. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:18:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5a9501e66c19450ea083e423283fd932 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:18:08Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-5a9501e66c19450ea083e423283fd9322023-12-01T00:26:50ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-01-0123274410.3390/s23020744FPGA-Based Smart Sensor to Detect Current Transformer Saturation during Inrush Current MeasurementG. de J. Martínez-Figueroa0Felipe Córcoles-López1Santiago Bogarra2Department of Electrical Engineering, ESEIAAT, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa, SpainDepartment of Electrical Engineering, ESEIAAT, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa, SpainDepartment of Electrical Engineering, ESEIAAT, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa, SpainCurrent transformer saturation affects measurement accuracy and, consequently, protection reliability. One important concern in the case of overcurrent protections is the discrimination between faults and inrush current in power transformers. This paper presents an FPGA-based smart sensor to detect current transformer saturation, especially during inrush current conditions. Several methods have been proposed in the literature, but some are unsuitable for inrush currents due to their particular waveform. The proposed algorithm implemented on the smart sensor uses two time-domain features of the measured secondary current: the second-order difference function and the third-order statistic central moment. The proposed smart sensor presents high effectiveness and immunity against noise with accurate results in different conditions: different residual flux, resistive burdens, sampling frequency, and noise levels. The points at which saturation starts are detected with an accuracy of approximately 100%. Regarding the end of saturation, the proposed method detects the right ending points with a maximum error of a sample. The smart sensor has been tested on experimental online and real-time conditions (including an anti-aliasing filter) with accurate results. Unlike most existing methods, the proposed smart sensor operates efficiently during inrush conditions. The smart sensor presents high-speed processing despite its simplicity and low computational cost.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/744current transformersaturationsmart sensorFPGAinrush current |
| spellingShingle | G. de J. Martínez-Figueroa Felipe Córcoles-López Santiago Bogarra FPGA-Based Smart Sensor to Detect Current Transformer Saturation during Inrush Current Measurement Sensors current transformer saturation smart sensor FPGA inrush current |
| title | FPGA-Based Smart Sensor to Detect Current Transformer Saturation during Inrush Current Measurement |
| title_full | FPGA-Based Smart Sensor to Detect Current Transformer Saturation during Inrush Current Measurement |
| title_fullStr | FPGA-Based Smart Sensor to Detect Current Transformer Saturation during Inrush Current Measurement |
| title_full_unstemmed | FPGA-Based Smart Sensor to Detect Current Transformer Saturation during Inrush Current Measurement |
| title_short | FPGA-Based Smart Sensor to Detect Current Transformer Saturation during Inrush Current Measurement |
| title_sort | fpga based smart sensor to detect current transformer saturation during inrush current measurement |
| topic | current transformer saturation smart sensor FPGA inrush current |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/744 |
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