Serotypes, Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles, and Virulence Factors of <i>Salmonella</i> Isolates in Chinese Edible Frogs (<i>Hoplobatrachus rugulosus</i>) Collected from Wet Markets in Hong Kong
<i>Salmonella</i> is an important agent of gastrointestinal disease in humans. While livestock, such as cattle, poultry, and pigs, are well-recognised animal reservoirs of <i>Salmonella</i>, there is a lack of data on <i>Salmonella</i> in edible frogs, even though...
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/11/2245 |
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| author | Sara Boss Roger Stephan Jule Anna Horlbog Ioannis Magouras Violaine Albane Colon Kittitat Lugsomya Marc J. A. Stevens Magdalena Nüesch-Inderbinen |
| author_facet | Sara Boss Roger Stephan Jule Anna Horlbog Ioannis Magouras Violaine Albane Colon Kittitat Lugsomya Marc J. A. Stevens Magdalena Nüesch-Inderbinen |
| author_sort | Sara Boss |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Salmonella</i> is an important agent of gastrointestinal disease in humans. While livestock, such as cattle, poultry, and pigs, are well-recognised animal reservoirs of <i>Salmonella</i>, there is a lack of data on <i>Salmonella</i> in edible frogs, even though frog meat is a popular food worldwide. In this study, 103 live edible Chinese frogs (<i>Hoplobatrachus rugulosus</i>) were collected from wet markets throughout Hong Kong. After euthanasia, faeces or cloacal swabs were examined for <i>Salmonella</i>. Overall, <i>Salmonella</i> spp. were isolated from 67 (65%, CI: 0.554–0.736) of the samples. The serotypes included <i>S</i>. Saintpaul (33%), <i>S</i>. Newport (24%), <i>S</i>. Bareilly (7%), <i>S</i>. Braenderup (4%), <i>S</i>. Hvittingfoss (4%), <i>S</i>. Stanley (10%), and <i>S</i>. Wandsworth (16%). Many isolates were phylogenetically related. A high number of genes encoding for resistance to clinically relevant antimicrobials, and a high number of virulence determinants, were identified. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) identified multidrug resistance (MDR) in 21% of the isolates. Resistance to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline was common. These results demonstrate that a high percentage of live frogs sold for human consumption in wet markets are carriers of multidrug-resistant <i>Salmonella</i>. Public health recommendations for handling edible frogs should be considered, to mitigate the risk of <i>Salmonella</i> transmission to humans. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:07:33Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:07:33Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-5aa2da36dd9c410daf6b36abc596e4cd2023-11-18T07:52:14ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582023-06-011211224510.3390/foods12112245Serotypes, Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles, and Virulence Factors of <i>Salmonella</i> Isolates in Chinese Edible Frogs (<i>Hoplobatrachus rugulosus</i>) Collected from Wet Markets in Hong KongSara Boss0Roger Stephan1Jule Anna Horlbog2Ioannis Magouras3Violaine Albane Colon4Kittitat Lugsomya5Marc J. A. Stevens6Magdalena Nüesch-Inderbinen7Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, SwitzerlandInstitute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, SwitzerlandInstitute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaInstitute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, SwitzerlandInstitute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland<i>Salmonella</i> is an important agent of gastrointestinal disease in humans. While livestock, such as cattle, poultry, and pigs, are well-recognised animal reservoirs of <i>Salmonella</i>, there is a lack of data on <i>Salmonella</i> in edible frogs, even though frog meat is a popular food worldwide. In this study, 103 live edible Chinese frogs (<i>Hoplobatrachus rugulosus</i>) were collected from wet markets throughout Hong Kong. After euthanasia, faeces or cloacal swabs were examined for <i>Salmonella</i>. Overall, <i>Salmonella</i> spp. were isolated from 67 (65%, CI: 0.554–0.736) of the samples. The serotypes included <i>S</i>. Saintpaul (33%), <i>S</i>. Newport (24%), <i>S</i>. Bareilly (7%), <i>S</i>. Braenderup (4%), <i>S</i>. Hvittingfoss (4%), <i>S</i>. Stanley (10%), and <i>S</i>. Wandsworth (16%). Many isolates were phylogenetically related. A high number of genes encoding for resistance to clinically relevant antimicrobials, and a high number of virulence determinants, were identified. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) identified multidrug resistance (MDR) in 21% of the isolates. Resistance to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline was common. These results demonstrate that a high percentage of live frogs sold for human consumption in wet markets are carriers of multidrug-resistant <i>Salmonella</i>. Public health recommendations for handling edible frogs should be considered, to mitigate the risk of <i>Salmonella</i> transmission to humans.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/11/2245wet marketsedible frogs<i>Salmonella</i>antimicrobial resistanceampicillinazithromycin |
| spellingShingle | Sara Boss Roger Stephan Jule Anna Horlbog Ioannis Magouras Violaine Albane Colon Kittitat Lugsomya Marc J. A. Stevens Magdalena Nüesch-Inderbinen Serotypes, Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles, and Virulence Factors of <i>Salmonella</i> Isolates in Chinese Edible Frogs (<i>Hoplobatrachus rugulosus</i>) Collected from Wet Markets in Hong Kong Foods wet markets edible frogs <i>Salmonella</i> antimicrobial resistance ampicillin azithromycin |
| title | Serotypes, Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles, and Virulence Factors of <i>Salmonella</i> Isolates in Chinese Edible Frogs (<i>Hoplobatrachus rugulosus</i>) Collected from Wet Markets in Hong Kong |
| title_full | Serotypes, Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles, and Virulence Factors of <i>Salmonella</i> Isolates in Chinese Edible Frogs (<i>Hoplobatrachus rugulosus</i>) Collected from Wet Markets in Hong Kong |
| title_fullStr | Serotypes, Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles, and Virulence Factors of <i>Salmonella</i> Isolates in Chinese Edible Frogs (<i>Hoplobatrachus rugulosus</i>) Collected from Wet Markets in Hong Kong |
| title_full_unstemmed | Serotypes, Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles, and Virulence Factors of <i>Salmonella</i> Isolates in Chinese Edible Frogs (<i>Hoplobatrachus rugulosus</i>) Collected from Wet Markets in Hong Kong |
| title_short | Serotypes, Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles, and Virulence Factors of <i>Salmonella</i> Isolates in Chinese Edible Frogs (<i>Hoplobatrachus rugulosus</i>) Collected from Wet Markets in Hong Kong |
| title_sort | serotypes antimicrobial resistance profiles and virulence factors of i salmonella i isolates in chinese edible frogs i hoplobatrachus rugulosus i collected from wet markets in hong kong |
| topic | wet markets edible frogs <i>Salmonella</i> antimicrobial resistance ampicillin azithromycin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/11/2245 |
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