Comparison of the Near Eye Tool for Refractive Assessment (NETRA) and non-cycloplegic subjective refraction
Objective The NETRA (Near Eye Tool for Refractive Assessment) is a smartphone-based refractive tool that allows for self-evaluation of refractive error. This study investigates the validity of the NETRA with and without cycloplegia to non-cycloplegic subjective refractions (SR).Methods and analysis...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMJ Publishing Group
2022-10-01
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| Series: | BMJ Open Ophthalmology |
| Online Access: | https://bmjophth.bmj.com/content/7/1/e000851.full |
| _version_ | 1797780165874417664 |
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| author | Alan Rubin Nabeela Hasrod |
| author_facet | Alan Rubin Nabeela Hasrod |
| author_sort | Alan Rubin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objective The NETRA (Near Eye Tool for Refractive Assessment) is a smartphone-based refractive tool that allows for self-evaluation of refractive error. This study investigates the validity of the NETRA with and without cycloplegia to non-cycloplegic subjective refractions (SR).Methods and analysis Participants underwent NETRA measurements without cycloplegia, and again after the administration of cycloplegia (cyclopentolate hydrochloride 1%). Non-cycloplegic SR were also performed. Variation of refractive measurements in symmetric dioptric power space were investigated using stereo-pair comets, hypothesis tests for variances and means. Bland-Altman plots were applied to better understand validity of the NETRA against non-cycloplegic SR. Coefficients of repeatability and intraclass correlation coefficients were also determined.Results The sample included 22 women (64.7%) and 12 men (35.3%); most were indigenous Africans (52.9%) with mean age and SD of 20.24±1.95 years. Variation of refractive measurements were mainly stigmatic (spherical), and variation of NETRA measurements decreased after cycloplegia. The pre-cycloplegia NETRA measurements (and their means) for the right and left eyes were more negative (myopic) in power than the post-cycloplegia NETRA measurements and means. On average, eyes were approximately 1.25 D more myopic with the NETRA without cycloplegia. With cycloplegia, NETRA results were in closer agreement with non-cycloplegic SR for the same eyes.Conclusion NETRA validity to SR, even in the absence of cycloplegia, suggests the instrument may be useful in geographical regions where self-refractions might be potentially helpful in addressing limitations in eye and vision care. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T23:40:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5aaac06f2f3f403bb7b863561dacbe8d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2397-3269 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T23:40:36Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMJ Open Ophthalmology |
| spelling | doaj.art-5aaac06f2f3f403bb7b863561dacbe8d2023-07-14T19:00:06ZengBMJ Publishing GroupBMJ Open Ophthalmology2397-32692022-10-017110.1136/bmjophth-2021-000851Comparison of the Near Eye Tool for Refractive Assessment (NETRA) and non-cycloplegic subjective refractionAlan Rubin0Nabeela Hasrod1Department of Optometry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South AfricaDepartment of Optometry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South AfricaObjective The NETRA (Near Eye Tool for Refractive Assessment) is a smartphone-based refractive tool that allows for self-evaluation of refractive error. This study investigates the validity of the NETRA with and without cycloplegia to non-cycloplegic subjective refractions (SR).Methods and analysis Participants underwent NETRA measurements without cycloplegia, and again after the administration of cycloplegia (cyclopentolate hydrochloride 1%). Non-cycloplegic SR were also performed. Variation of refractive measurements in symmetric dioptric power space were investigated using stereo-pair comets, hypothesis tests for variances and means. Bland-Altman plots were applied to better understand validity of the NETRA against non-cycloplegic SR. Coefficients of repeatability and intraclass correlation coefficients were also determined.Results The sample included 22 women (64.7%) and 12 men (35.3%); most were indigenous Africans (52.9%) with mean age and SD of 20.24±1.95 years. Variation of refractive measurements were mainly stigmatic (spherical), and variation of NETRA measurements decreased after cycloplegia. The pre-cycloplegia NETRA measurements (and their means) for the right and left eyes were more negative (myopic) in power than the post-cycloplegia NETRA measurements and means. On average, eyes were approximately 1.25 D more myopic with the NETRA without cycloplegia. With cycloplegia, NETRA results were in closer agreement with non-cycloplegic SR for the same eyes.Conclusion NETRA validity to SR, even in the absence of cycloplegia, suggests the instrument may be useful in geographical regions where self-refractions might be potentially helpful in addressing limitations in eye and vision care.https://bmjophth.bmj.com/content/7/1/e000851.full |
| spellingShingle | Alan Rubin Nabeela Hasrod Comparison of the Near Eye Tool for Refractive Assessment (NETRA) and non-cycloplegic subjective refraction BMJ Open Ophthalmology |
| title | Comparison of the Near Eye Tool for Refractive Assessment (NETRA) and non-cycloplegic subjective refraction |
| title_full | Comparison of the Near Eye Tool for Refractive Assessment (NETRA) and non-cycloplegic subjective refraction |
| title_fullStr | Comparison of the Near Eye Tool for Refractive Assessment (NETRA) and non-cycloplegic subjective refraction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparison of the Near Eye Tool for Refractive Assessment (NETRA) and non-cycloplegic subjective refraction |
| title_short | Comparison of the Near Eye Tool for Refractive Assessment (NETRA) and non-cycloplegic subjective refraction |
| title_sort | comparison of the near eye tool for refractive assessment netra and non cycloplegic subjective refraction |
| url | https://bmjophth.bmj.com/content/7/1/e000851.full |
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