Stress Response to Climate Change and Postharvest Handling in Two Differently Pigmented Lettuce Genotypes: Impact on <i>Alternaria alternata</i> Invasion and Mycotoxin Production
Many species of <i>Alternaria</i> are important pathogens that cause plant diseases and postharvest rots. They lead to significant economic losses in agriculture and affect human and animal health due to their capacity to produce mycotoxins. Therefore, it is necessary to study the factor...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-03-01
|
| Series: | Plants |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/6/1304 |
| _version_ | 1797609423089172480 |
|---|---|
| author | Jon Miranda-Apodaca Unai Artetxe Iratxe Aguado Leire Martin-Souto Andoni Ramirez-Garcia Maite Lacuesta José María Becerril Andone Estonba Amaia Ortiz-Barredo Antonio Hernández Iratxe Zarraonaindia Usue Pérez-López |
| author_facet | Jon Miranda-Apodaca Unai Artetxe Iratxe Aguado Leire Martin-Souto Andoni Ramirez-Garcia Maite Lacuesta José María Becerril Andone Estonba Amaia Ortiz-Barredo Antonio Hernández Iratxe Zarraonaindia Usue Pérez-López |
| author_sort | Jon Miranda-Apodaca |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Many species of <i>Alternaria</i> are important pathogens that cause plant diseases and postharvest rots. They lead to significant economic losses in agriculture and affect human and animal health due to their capacity to produce mycotoxins. Therefore, it is necessary to study the factors that can result in an increase in <i>A</i>. <i>alternata</i>. In this study, we discuss the mechanism by which phenol content protects from <i>A</i>. <i>alternata</i>, since the red oak leaf cultivar (containing higher phenols) showed lower invasion than the green one, Batavia, and no mycotoxin production. A climate change scenario enhanced fungal growth in the most susceptible cultivar, green lettuce, likely because elevated temperature and CO<sub>2</sub> levels decrease plant N content, modifying the C/N ratio. Finally, while the abundance of the fungi was maintained at similar levels after keeping the lettuces for four days at 4 °C, this postharvest handling triggered TeA and TEN mycotoxin synthesis, but only in the green cultivar. Therefore, the results demonstrated that invasion and mycotoxin production are cultivar- and temperature-dependent. Further research should be directed to search for resistant cultivars and effective postharvest strategies to reduce the toxicological risk and economic losses related to this fungus, which are expected to increase in a climate change scenario. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:00:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5ac451c6d0a54060bd2ecf43af58f1c0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:00:09Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-5ac451c6d0a54060bd2ecf43af58f1c02023-11-17T13:21:59ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472023-03-01126130410.3390/plants12061304Stress Response to Climate Change and Postharvest Handling in Two Differently Pigmented Lettuce Genotypes: Impact on <i>Alternaria alternata</i> Invasion and Mycotoxin ProductionJon Miranda-Apodaca0Unai Artetxe1Iratxe Aguado2Leire Martin-Souto3Andoni Ramirez-Garcia4Maite Lacuesta5José María Becerril6Andone Estonba7Amaia Ortiz-Barredo8Antonio Hernández9Iratxe Zarraonaindia10Usue Pérez-López11Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, SpainDepartment of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, SpainApplied Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, SpainFungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, SpainFungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, SpainDepartment of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, SpainDepartment of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, SpainApplied Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, SpainNEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, 01080 Vitoria-Gasteiz, SpainDepartment of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, SpainApplied Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, SpainDepartment of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, SpainMany species of <i>Alternaria</i> are important pathogens that cause plant diseases and postharvest rots. They lead to significant economic losses in agriculture and affect human and animal health due to their capacity to produce mycotoxins. Therefore, it is necessary to study the factors that can result in an increase in <i>A</i>. <i>alternata</i>. In this study, we discuss the mechanism by which phenol content protects from <i>A</i>. <i>alternata</i>, since the red oak leaf cultivar (containing higher phenols) showed lower invasion than the green one, Batavia, and no mycotoxin production. A climate change scenario enhanced fungal growth in the most susceptible cultivar, green lettuce, likely because elevated temperature and CO<sub>2</sub> levels decrease plant N content, modifying the C/N ratio. Finally, while the abundance of the fungi was maintained at similar levels after keeping the lettuces for four days at 4 °C, this postharvest handling triggered TeA and TEN mycotoxin synthesis, but only in the green cultivar. Therefore, the results demonstrated that invasion and mycotoxin production are cultivar- and temperature-dependent. Further research should be directed to search for resistant cultivars and effective postharvest strategies to reduce the toxicological risk and economic losses related to this fungus, which are expected to increase in a climate change scenario.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/6/1304<i>Alternaria alternata</i>climate change scenariodefense mechanismsdifferently pigmented lettucemycotoxinspostharvest handling |
| spellingShingle | Jon Miranda-Apodaca Unai Artetxe Iratxe Aguado Leire Martin-Souto Andoni Ramirez-Garcia Maite Lacuesta José María Becerril Andone Estonba Amaia Ortiz-Barredo Antonio Hernández Iratxe Zarraonaindia Usue Pérez-López Stress Response to Climate Change and Postharvest Handling in Two Differently Pigmented Lettuce Genotypes: Impact on <i>Alternaria alternata</i> Invasion and Mycotoxin Production Plants <i>Alternaria alternata</i> climate change scenario defense mechanisms differently pigmented lettuce mycotoxins postharvest handling |
| title | Stress Response to Climate Change and Postharvest Handling in Two Differently Pigmented Lettuce Genotypes: Impact on <i>Alternaria alternata</i> Invasion and Mycotoxin Production |
| title_full | Stress Response to Climate Change and Postharvest Handling in Two Differently Pigmented Lettuce Genotypes: Impact on <i>Alternaria alternata</i> Invasion and Mycotoxin Production |
| title_fullStr | Stress Response to Climate Change and Postharvest Handling in Two Differently Pigmented Lettuce Genotypes: Impact on <i>Alternaria alternata</i> Invasion and Mycotoxin Production |
| title_full_unstemmed | Stress Response to Climate Change and Postharvest Handling in Two Differently Pigmented Lettuce Genotypes: Impact on <i>Alternaria alternata</i> Invasion and Mycotoxin Production |
| title_short | Stress Response to Climate Change and Postharvest Handling in Two Differently Pigmented Lettuce Genotypes: Impact on <i>Alternaria alternata</i> Invasion and Mycotoxin Production |
| title_sort | stress response to climate change and postharvest handling in two differently pigmented lettuce genotypes impact on i alternaria alternata i invasion and mycotoxin production |
| topic | <i>Alternaria alternata</i> climate change scenario defense mechanisms differently pigmented lettuce mycotoxins postharvest handling |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/6/1304 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jonmirandaapodaca stressresponsetoclimatechangeandpostharvesthandlingintwodifferentlypigmentedlettucegenotypesimpactonialternariaalternataiinvasionandmycotoxinproduction AT unaiartetxe stressresponsetoclimatechangeandpostharvesthandlingintwodifferentlypigmentedlettucegenotypesimpactonialternariaalternataiinvasionandmycotoxinproduction AT iratxeaguado stressresponsetoclimatechangeandpostharvesthandlingintwodifferentlypigmentedlettucegenotypesimpactonialternariaalternataiinvasionandmycotoxinproduction AT leiremartinsouto stressresponsetoclimatechangeandpostharvesthandlingintwodifferentlypigmentedlettucegenotypesimpactonialternariaalternataiinvasionandmycotoxinproduction AT andoniramirezgarcia stressresponsetoclimatechangeandpostharvesthandlingintwodifferentlypigmentedlettucegenotypesimpactonialternariaalternataiinvasionandmycotoxinproduction AT maitelacuesta stressresponsetoclimatechangeandpostharvesthandlingintwodifferentlypigmentedlettucegenotypesimpactonialternariaalternataiinvasionandmycotoxinproduction AT josemariabecerril stressresponsetoclimatechangeandpostharvesthandlingintwodifferentlypigmentedlettucegenotypesimpactonialternariaalternataiinvasionandmycotoxinproduction AT andoneestonba stressresponsetoclimatechangeandpostharvesthandlingintwodifferentlypigmentedlettucegenotypesimpactonialternariaalternataiinvasionandmycotoxinproduction AT amaiaortizbarredo stressresponsetoclimatechangeandpostharvesthandlingintwodifferentlypigmentedlettucegenotypesimpactonialternariaalternataiinvasionandmycotoxinproduction AT antoniohernandez stressresponsetoclimatechangeandpostharvesthandlingintwodifferentlypigmentedlettucegenotypesimpactonialternariaalternataiinvasionandmycotoxinproduction AT iratxezarraonaindia stressresponsetoclimatechangeandpostharvesthandlingintwodifferentlypigmentedlettucegenotypesimpactonialternariaalternataiinvasionandmycotoxinproduction AT usueperezlopez stressresponsetoclimatechangeandpostharvesthandlingintwodifferentlypigmentedlettucegenotypesimpactonialternariaalternataiinvasionandmycotoxinproduction |