| Summary: | Nakisa Soltani,1 Sayed Mohammad Marandi,1 Mohammad Kazemi,2 Nafiseh Esmaeil3 1Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; 2Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; 3Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranCorrespondence: Nafiseh EsmaeilDepartment of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81744-176, IranTel +98 31 37929097Fax +98 3113 7929031Email nafesm5@gmail.comSayed Mohammad MarandiDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranTel +983137932358Fax +983136687572Email smmarandi2001@yahoo.comAbstract: Reduced physical activity rate in people’s lifestyle is a global concern associated with the prevalence of health disorders such as obesity and metabolic disturbance. Ample evidence has indicated a critical role of the immune system in the aggravation of obesity. The type, duration, and production of adipose tissue-released mediators may change subsequent inactive lifestyle-induced obesity, leading to the chronic systematic inflammation and monocyte/macrophage (MON/MФ) phenotype polarization. Preliminary adipose tissue expansion can be inhibited by changing the lifestyle. In this context, exercise training is widely recommended due to a definite improvement of energy balance and the potential impacts on the inflammatory signaling cascades. How exercise training affects the immune system has not yet been fully elucidated, because its anti-inflammatory, pro-inflammatory, or even immunosuppressive impacts have been indicated in the literature. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms triggered by exercise can suggest a new approach to combat meta-inflammation-induced metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarized the obesity-induced inflammatory pathways, the roles of MON/MФ polarization in adipose tissue and systemic inflammation, and the underlying inflammatory mechanisms triggered by exercise during obesity.Keywords: exercise training, immune system, adipose tissue, toll-like receptors, macrophage polarization, obesity, meta-inflammation
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