Antimicrobial and the Resistances in the Environment: Ecological and Health Risks, Influencing Factors, and Mitigation Strategies
Antimicrobial contamination and antimicrobial resistance have become global environmental and health problems. A large number of antimicrobials are used in medical and animal husbandry, leading to the continuous release of residual antimicrobials into the environment. It not only causes ecological h...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/2/185 |
| _version_ | 1797617985242791936 |
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| author | Weitao Wang You Weng Ting Luo Qiang Wang Guiling Yang Yuanxiang Jin |
| author_facet | Weitao Wang You Weng Ting Luo Qiang Wang Guiling Yang Yuanxiang Jin |
| author_sort | Weitao Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Antimicrobial contamination and antimicrobial resistance have become global environmental and health problems. A large number of antimicrobials are used in medical and animal husbandry, leading to the continuous release of residual antimicrobials into the environment. It not only causes ecological harm, but also promotes the occurrence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. The role of environmental factors in antimicrobial contamination and the spread of antimicrobial resistance is often overlooked. There are a large number of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes in human beings, which increases the likelihood that pathogenic bacteria acquire resistance, and also adds opportunities for human contact with antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. In this paper, we review the fate of antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance in the environment, including the occurrence, spread, and impact on ecological and human health. More importantly, this review emphasizes a number of environmental factors that can exacerbate antimicrobial contamination and the spread of antimicrobial resistance. In the future, the timely removal of antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance genes in the environment will be more effective in alleviating antimicrobial contamination and antimicrobial resistance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:03:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5af1901066ee447bbbb9d8395129345c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:03:45Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-5af1901066ee447bbbb9d8395129345c2023-11-16T23:38:06ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042023-02-0111218510.3390/toxics11020185Antimicrobial and the Resistances in the Environment: Ecological and Health Risks, Influencing Factors, and Mitigation StrategiesWeitao Wang0You Weng1Ting Luo2Qiang Wang3Guiling Yang4Yuanxiang Jin5College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, ChinaCollege of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, ChinaCollege of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, ChinaAntimicrobial contamination and antimicrobial resistance have become global environmental and health problems. A large number of antimicrobials are used in medical and animal husbandry, leading to the continuous release of residual antimicrobials into the environment. It not only causes ecological harm, but also promotes the occurrence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. The role of environmental factors in antimicrobial contamination and the spread of antimicrobial resistance is often overlooked. There are a large number of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes in human beings, which increases the likelihood that pathogenic bacteria acquire resistance, and also adds opportunities for human contact with antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. In this paper, we review the fate of antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance in the environment, including the occurrence, spread, and impact on ecological and human health. More importantly, this review emphasizes a number of environmental factors that can exacerbate antimicrobial contamination and the spread of antimicrobial resistance. In the future, the timely removal of antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance genes in the environment will be more effective in alleviating antimicrobial contamination and antimicrobial resistance.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/2/185antimicrobialantimicrobial resistanceenvironment factorshuman healthmitigation methods |
| spellingShingle | Weitao Wang You Weng Ting Luo Qiang Wang Guiling Yang Yuanxiang Jin Antimicrobial and the Resistances in the Environment: Ecological and Health Risks, Influencing Factors, and Mitigation Strategies Toxics antimicrobial antimicrobial resistance environment factors human health mitigation methods |
| title | Antimicrobial and the Resistances in the Environment: Ecological and Health Risks, Influencing Factors, and Mitigation Strategies |
| title_full | Antimicrobial and the Resistances in the Environment: Ecological and Health Risks, Influencing Factors, and Mitigation Strategies |
| title_fullStr | Antimicrobial and the Resistances in the Environment: Ecological and Health Risks, Influencing Factors, and Mitigation Strategies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antimicrobial and the Resistances in the Environment: Ecological and Health Risks, Influencing Factors, and Mitigation Strategies |
| title_short | Antimicrobial and the Resistances in the Environment: Ecological and Health Risks, Influencing Factors, and Mitigation Strategies |
| title_sort | antimicrobial and the resistances in the environment ecological and health risks influencing factors and mitigation strategies |
| topic | antimicrobial antimicrobial resistance environment factors human health mitigation methods |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/2/185 |
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