| Summary: | Shallow groundwater plays a vital role in water use and the yield of winter wheat. Nitrogen (N) application significantly affects crop uptake and utilization of water from irrigation, but little is known about groundwater use. More importantly, excessive N application will also bring a series of environmental problems. An experiment was carried out in micro-lysimeters at 0, 150, 240, and 300 kg/ha N fertilization rates based on 0.6 m groundwater depth with relatively strong alkaline soil in the winter wheat growing season. The results showed that increasing the N application rate significantly increased the sensitivity of the daily groundwater evaporation velocity of winter wheat to environmental meteorological factors (soil surface moisture, humidity, atmospheric pressure and atmospheric temperature), and promoted crop water use, crop growth and yield under the 0.6 m groundwater depth. From 150 kg/ha to 300 kg/ha N fertilization, LAI and yield increased by 26.95–82.02%, and evapotranspiration (ET) and groundwater use efficiency (GUE) increased by 11.17–14.38%. However, a high N application rate would sharply induce surface soil drought, leading to a rapid increase in nitrate accumulation in the vadose zone and a significant decrease in partial factor productivity of applied N (PFPN). With the N application of 150–300 kg/ha, the accumulation of nitrate in the vadose zone increased by 8.12 times, and soil moisture in 0–20 cm and PFPN significantly decreased by 19.16–57.53%. N fertilization had a significant effect on water transfer and could promote the consumption and utilization of groundwater at 0.6 m depth. Considering yield, water use, the accumulation of nitrate, and PFPN, the optimal N application was 219.42–289.53 kg/ha at 0.6 m depth.
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