Chemical Profile, Anti-Microbial and Anti-Inflammaging Activities of <i>Santolina rosmarinifolia</i> L. Essential Oil from Portugal
Fungal infections and the accompanying inflammatory responses are associated with great morbidity and mortality due to the frequent relapses triggered by an increased resistance to antifungal agents. Furthermore, this inflammatory state can be exacerbated during inflammaging and cellular senescence....
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/1/179 |
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| author | Jorge M. Alves-Silva Maria José Gonçalves Ana Silva Carlos Cavaleiro Maria Teresa Cruz Lígia Salgueiro |
| author_facet | Jorge M. Alves-Silva Maria José Gonçalves Ana Silva Carlos Cavaleiro Maria Teresa Cruz Lígia Salgueiro |
| author_sort | Jorge M. Alves-Silva |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fungal infections and the accompanying inflammatory responses are associated with great morbidity and mortality due to the frequent relapses triggered by an increased resistance to antifungal agents. Furthermore, this inflammatory state can be exacerbated during inflammaging and cellular senescence. Essential oils (EO) are receiving increasing interest in the field of drug discovery due to their lipophilic nature and complex composition, making them suitable candidates in the development of new antifungal drugs and modulators of numerous molecular targets. This work chemically characterized the EO from <i>Santolina rosmarinifolia</i> L., collected in Setúbal (Portugal), and assessed its antifungal potential by determining its minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum lethal (MLC) concentration in accordance with the Clinical Laboratory Standard Guidelines (CLSI) guidelines, as well as its effect on several <i>Candida albicans</i> virulence factors. The anti-inflammatory effect was unveiled using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages by assessing several pro-inflammatory mediators. The wound healing and anti-senescence potential of the EO was also disclosed. The EO was mainly characterized by β-pinene (29.6%), borneol (16.9%), myrcene (15.4%) and limonene (5.7%). It showed a strong antifungal effect against yeasts and filamentous fungi (MIC = 0.07–0.29 mg/mL). Furthermore, it inhibited dimorphic transition (MIC/16), decreased biofilm formation with a preeminent effect after 24 h (MIC/2) and disrupted preformed biofilms in <i>C. albicans</i>. Additionally, the EO decreased nitric oxide (NO) release (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.52 mg/mL) and pro-IL-1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages, promoted wound healing (91% vs. 81% closed wound) and reduced cellular senescence (53% vs. 73% β-galactosidase-positive cells). Overall, this study highlights the relevant pharmacological properties of <i>S. rosmarinifolia</i>, opening new avenues for its industrial exploitation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:47:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5b0cfd78c19d4e33a61148714681e191 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:47:07Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj.art-5b0cfd78c19d4e33a61148714681e1912023-11-30T20:56:51ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822023-01-0112117910.3390/antibiotics12010179Chemical Profile, Anti-Microbial and Anti-Inflammaging Activities of <i>Santolina rosmarinifolia</i> L. Essential Oil from PortugalJorge M. Alves-Silva0Maria José Gonçalves1Ana Silva2Carlos Cavaleiro3Maria Teresa Cruz4Lígia Salgueiro5Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Health Sciences Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, PortugalFaculty of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, PortugalCenter for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, PortugalFaculty of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, PortugalFaculty of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, PortugalFaculty of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, PortugalFungal infections and the accompanying inflammatory responses are associated with great morbidity and mortality due to the frequent relapses triggered by an increased resistance to antifungal agents. Furthermore, this inflammatory state can be exacerbated during inflammaging and cellular senescence. Essential oils (EO) are receiving increasing interest in the field of drug discovery due to their lipophilic nature and complex composition, making them suitable candidates in the development of new antifungal drugs and modulators of numerous molecular targets. This work chemically characterized the EO from <i>Santolina rosmarinifolia</i> L., collected in Setúbal (Portugal), and assessed its antifungal potential by determining its minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum lethal (MLC) concentration in accordance with the Clinical Laboratory Standard Guidelines (CLSI) guidelines, as well as its effect on several <i>Candida albicans</i> virulence factors. The anti-inflammatory effect was unveiled using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages by assessing several pro-inflammatory mediators. The wound healing and anti-senescence potential of the EO was also disclosed. The EO was mainly characterized by β-pinene (29.6%), borneol (16.9%), myrcene (15.4%) and limonene (5.7%). It showed a strong antifungal effect against yeasts and filamentous fungi (MIC = 0.07–0.29 mg/mL). Furthermore, it inhibited dimorphic transition (MIC/16), decreased biofilm formation with a preeminent effect after 24 h (MIC/2) and disrupted preformed biofilms in <i>C. albicans</i>. Additionally, the EO decreased nitric oxide (NO) release (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.52 mg/mL) and pro-IL-1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages, promoted wound healing (91% vs. 81% closed wound) and reduced cellular senescence (53% vs. 73% β-galactosidase-positive cells). Overall, this study highlights the relevant pharmacological properties of <i>S. rosmarinifolia</i>, opening new avenues for its industrial exploitation.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/1/179anti-inflammatoryantifungalAsteraceaedimorphic transitionbiofilmsenescence |
| spellingShingle | Jorge M. Alves-Silva Maria José Gonçalves Ana Silva Carlos Cavaleiro Maria Teresa Cruz Lígia Salgueiro Chemical Profile, Anti-Microbial and Anti-Inflammaging Activities of <i>Santolina rosmarinifolia</i> L. Essential Oil from Portugal Antibiotics anti-inflammatory antifungal Asteraceae dimorphic transition biofilm senescence |
| title | Chemical Profile, Anti-Microbial and Anti-Inflammaging Activities of <i>Santolina rosmarinifolia</i> L. Essential Oil from Portugal |
| title_full | Chemical Profile, Anti-Microbial and Anti-Inflammaging Activities of <i>Santolina rosmarinifolia</i> L. Essential Oil from Portugal |
| title_fullStr | Chemical Profile, Anti-Microbial and Anti-Inflammaging Activities of <i>Santolina rosmarinifolia</i> L. Essential Oil from Portugal |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemical Profile, Anti-Microbial and Anti-Inflammaging Activities of <i>Santolina rosmarinifolia</i> L. Essential Oil from Portugal |
| title_short | Chemical Profile, Anti-Microbial and Anti-Inflammaging Activities of <i>Santolina rosmarinifolia</i> L. Essential Oil from Portugal |
| title_sort | chemical profile anti microbial and anti inflammaging activities of i santolina rosmarinifolia i l essential oil from portugal |
| topic | anti-inflammatory antifungal Asteraceae dimorphic transition biofilm senescence |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/1/179 |
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