Rapid Assay for the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Edoxaban
Edoxaban is a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) that has been recently indicated for the treatment of pulmonary embolism (PE) in SARS-CoV-2 infections. Due to its pharmacokinetic variability and a narrow therapeutic index, the safe administration of the drug requires its therapeutic drug monitoring (...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/12/4/590 |
| _version_ | 1797436680903327744 |
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| author | Md Abdur Rashid Saiqa Muneer Yahya Alhamhoom Nazrul Islam |
| author_facet | Md Abdur Rashid Saiqa Muneer Yahya Alhamhoom Nazrul Islam |
| author_sort | Md Abdur Rashid |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Edoxaban is a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) that has been recently indicated for the treatment of pulmonary embolism (PE) in SARS-CoV-2 infections. Due to its pharmacokinetic variability and a narrow therapeutic index, the safe administration of the drug requires its therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in patients receiving the treatment. In this work, we present a label-free method for the TDM of edoxaban by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The new method utilises the thiol chemistry of the drug to chemisorb its molecules onto a highly sensitive SERS substrate. This leads to the formation of efficient hotspots and a strong signal enhancement of the drug Raman bands, thus negating the need for a Raman reporter for its SERS quantification. The standard samples were run with a concentration range of 1.4 × 10<sup>−4</sup> M to 10<sup>−12</sup> M using a mobile phase comprising of methanol/acetonitrile (85:15 v/v) at 291 nm followed by the good linearity of R<sup>2</sup> = 0.997. The lowest limit of quantification (LOQ) by the SERS method was experimentally determined to be 10<sup>−12</sup> M, whereas LOQ for HPLC-UV was 4.5 × 10<sup>−7</sup> M, respectively. The new method was used directly and in a simple HPLC-SERS assembly to detect the drug in aqueous solutions and in spiked human blood plasma down to 1 pM. Therefore, the SERS method has strong potential for the rapid screening of the drug at pathology labs and points of care. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:06:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5b1a971592dc4e5bbc0eedbdbf637c58 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:06:04Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-5b1a971592dc4e5bbc0eedbdbf637c582023-12-01T00:57:22ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2022-04-0112459010.3390/biom12040590Rapid Assay for the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of EdoxabanMd Abdur Rashid0Saiqa Muneer1Yahya Alhamhoom2Nazrul Islam3Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha 62529, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, AustraliaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha 62529, Saudi ArabiaPharmacy Discipline, Faculty of Health, School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, AustraliaEdoxaban is a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) that has been recently indicated for the treatment of pulmonary embolism (PE) in SARS-CoV-2 infections. Due to its pharmacokinetic variability and a narrow therapeutic index, the safe administration of the drug requires its therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in patients receiving the treatment. In this work, we present a label-free method for the TDM of edoxaban by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The new method utilises the thiol chemistry of the drug to chemisorb its molecules onto a highly sensitive SERS substrate. This leads to the formation of efficient hotspots and a strong signal enhancement of the drug Raman bands, thus negating the need for a Raman reporter for its SERS quantification. The standard samples were run with a concentration range of 1.4 × 10<sup>−4</sup> M to 10<sup>−12</sup> M using a mobile phase comprising of methanol/acetonitrile (85:15 v/v) at 291 nm followed by the good linearity of R<sup>2</sup> = 0.997. The lowest limit of quantification (LOQ) by the SERS method was experimentally determined to be 10<sup>−12</sup> M, whereas LOQ for HPLC-UV was 4.5 × 10<sup>−7</sup> M, respectively. The new method was used directly and in a simple HPLC-SERS assembly to detect the drug in aqueous solutions and in spiked human blood plasma down to 1 pM. Therefore, the SERS method has strong potential for the rapid screening of the drug at pathology labs and points of care.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/12/4/590edoxabantherapeutic drug monitoringsurface enhanced Raman spectroscopypulmonary embolism |
| spellingShingle | Md Abdur Rashid Saiqa Muneer Yahya Alhamhoom Nazrul Islam Rapid Assay for the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Edoxaban Biomolecules edoxaban therapeutic drug monitoring surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy pulmonary embolism |
| title | Rapid Assay for the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Edoxaban |
| title_full | Rapid Assay for the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Edoxaban |
| title_fullStr | Rapid Assay for the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Edoxaban |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rapid Assay for the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Edoxaban |
| title_short | Rapid Assay for the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Edoxaban |
| title_sort | rapid assay for the therapeutic drug monitoring of edoxaban |
| topic | edoxaban therapeutic drug monitoring surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy pulmonary embolism |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/12/4/590 |
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