Comparative Study Regarding the Properties of Methylene Blue and Proflavine and Their Optimal Concentrations for In Vitro and In Vivo Applications
Methylene blue and proflavine are fluorescent dyes used to stain nucleic acid from the molecular level to the tissue level. Already clinically used for sentinel node mapping, detection of neuroendocrine tumors, methemoglobinemia, septic shock, ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy, and photodynamic inac...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-04-01
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| Series: | Diagnostics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/10/4/223 |
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| author | Maria-Eliza Nedu Mihaela Tertis Cecilia Cristea Alexandru Valentin Georgescu |
| author_facet | Maria-Eliza Nedu Mihaela Tertis Cecilia Cristea Alexandru Valentin Georgescu |
| author_sort | Maria-Eliza Nedu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Methylene blue and proflavine are fluorescent dyes used to stain nucleic acid from the molecular level to the tissue level. Already clinically used for sentinel node mapping, detection of neuroendocrine tumors, methemoglobinemia, septic shock, ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy, and photodynamic inactivation of RNA viruses, the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effect of methylene blue has been demonstrated in different in vitro and in vivo studies. Proflavine was used as a disinfectant and bacteriostatic agent against many gram-positive bacteria, as well as a urinary antiseptic involved in highlighting cell nuclei. At the tissue level, the anti-inflammatory effects of methylene blue protect against pulmonary, renal, cardiac, pancreatic, ischemic-reperfusion lesions, and fevers. First used for their antiseptic and antiviral activity, respectively, methylene blue and proflavine turned out to be excellent dyes for diagnostic and treatment purposes. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that both dyes are efficient as perfusion and tissue tracers and permitted to evaluate the minimal efficient concentration in different species, as well as their pharmacokinetics and toxicity. This review aims to identify the optimal concentrations of methylene blue and proflavine that can be used for in vivo experiments to highlight the vascularization of the skin in the case of a perforasome (both as a tissue tracer and in vascular mapping), as well as their effects on tissues. This review is intended to be a comparative and critical presentation of the possible applications of methylene blue (MB) and proflavine (PRO) in the surgical field, and the relevant biomedical findings from specialized literature to date are discussed as well. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:27:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5b32ce1f888f4c5bb3d6e528062f5915 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4418 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:27:05Z |
| publishDate | 2020-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Diagnostics |
| spelling | doaj.art-5b32ce1f888f4c5bb3d6e528062f59152023-11-19T21:43:06ZengMDPI AGDiagnostics2075-44182020-04-0110422310.3390/diagnostics10040223Comparative Study Regarding the Properties of Methylene Blue and Proflavine and Their Optimal Concentrations for In Vitro and In Vivo ApplicationsMaria-Eliza Nedu0Mihaela Tertis1Cecilia Cristea2Alexandru Valentin Georgescu3Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 46-50 Viilor St., 400347 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Pasteur St., 400349 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Pasteur St., 400349 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaDepartment of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 46-50 Viilor St., 400347 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaMethylene blue and proflavine are fluorescent dyes used to stain nucleic acid from the molecular level to the tissue level. Already clinically used for sentinel node mapping, detection of neuroendocrine tumors, methemoglobinemia, septic shock, ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy, and photodynamic inactivation of RNA viruses, the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effect of methylene blue has been demonstrated in different in vitro and in vivo studies. Proflavine was used as a disinfectant and bacteriostatic agent against many gram-positive bacteria, as well as a urinary antiseptic involved in highlighting cell nuclei. At the tissue level, the anti-inflammatory effects of methylene blue protect against pulmonary, renal, cardiac, pancreatic, ischemic-reperfusion lesions, and fevers. First used for their antiseptic and antiviral activity, respectively, methylene blue and proflavine turned out to be excellent dyes for diagnostic and treatment purposes. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that both dyes are efficient as perfusion and tissue tracers and permitted to evaluate the minimal efficient concentration in different species, as well as their pharmacokinetics and toxicity. This review aims to identify the optimal concentrations of methylene blue and proflavine that can be used for in vivo experiments to highlight the vascularization of the skin in the case of a perforasome (both as a tissue tracer and in vascular mapping), as well as their effects on tissues. This review is intended to be a comparative and critical presentation of the possible applications of methylene blue (MB) and proflavine (PRO) in the surgical field, and the relevant biomedical findings from specialized literature to date are discussed as well.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/10/4/223methylene blueproflavinephenothiazineacridinedyeantibacterial |
| spellingShingle | Maria-Eliza Nedu Mihaela Tertis Cecilia Cristea Alexandru Valentin Georgescu Comparative Study Regarding the Properties of Methylene Blue and Proflavine and Their Optimal Concentrations for In Vitro and In Vivo Applications Diagnostics methylene blue proflavine phenothiazine acridine dye antibacterial |
| title | Comparative Study Regarding the Properties of Methylene Blue and Proflavine and Their Optimal Concentrations for In Vitro and In Vivo Applications |
| title_full | Comparative Study Regarding the Properties of Methylene Blue and Proflavine and Their Optimal Concentrations for In Vitro and In Vivo Applications |
| title_fullStr | Comparative Study Regarding the Properties of Methylene Blue and Proflavine and Their Optimal Concentrations for In Vitro and In Vivo Applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative Study Regarding the Properties of Methylene Blue and Proflavine and Their Optimal Concentrations for In Vitro and In Vivo Applications |
| title_short | Comparative Study Regarding the Properties of Methylene Blue and Proflavine and Their Optimal Concentrations for In Vitro and In Vivo Applications |
| title_sort | comparative study regarding the properties of methylene blue and proflavine and their optimal concentrations for in vitro and in vivo applications |
| topic | methylene blue proflavine phenothiazine acridine dye antibacterial |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/10/4/223 |
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