Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Skin: Dermal Parasite Transmission to Sand Flies
Visceral leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease with significant dermal tropism. The skin is an important site of infection contributing to parasite transmission to naïve sand flies, but understanding how parasitism of host skin and the related immune microenvironment supports or prevents skin parasit...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/6/610 |
| _version_ | 1827657749662531584 |
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| author | Sahaana Arumugam Breanna M. Scorza Christine Petersen |
| author_facet | Sahaana Arumugam Breanna M. Scorza Christine Petersen |
| author_sort | Sahaana Arumugam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Visceral leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease with significant dermal tropism. The skin is an important site of infection contributing to parasite transmission to naïve sand flies, but understanding how parasitism of host skin and the related immune microenvironment supports or prevents skin parasite replication is now the focus of major investigation in the field of leishmaniasis research. Here, we review dermatoimmunology during visceral leishmaniasis (VL), dermal <i>Leishmania</i> parasite burden, and the role of skin parasitism in transmissibility to sand fly vectors. First, we discuss the epidemiology of VL amongst dogs, the primary zoonotic reservoir for human infection. We explore the association between spatial distribution and the burden of parasites in the skin in driving outward transmission. Factors associated with parasite persistence in the skin are examined. We discuss systemic immunity during VL and what is known about immunological correlates in the skin microenvironment. Finally, we touch on factors egested into the skin during <i>Leishmania</i> inoculation by sand flies. Throughout, we discuss factors associated with the early and chronic establishment of <i>Leishmania</i> parasites in the skin and the role of the dermal immune response. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:49:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5b4524a6d16b49338f3a7df1199f6ae4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:49:22Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-5b4524a6d16b49338f3a7df1199f6ae42023-11-23T18:24:02ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172022-05-0111661010.3390/pathogens11060610Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Skin: Dermal Parasite Transmission to Sand FliesSahaana Arumugam0Breanna M. Scorza1Christine Petersen2Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USADepartment of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USADepartment of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USAVisceral leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease with significant dermal tropism. The skin is an important site of infection contributing to parasite transmission to naïve sand flies, but understanding how parasitism of host skin and the related immune microenvironment supports or prevents skin parasite replication is now the focus of major investigation in the field of leishmaniasis research. Here, we review dermatoimmunology during visceral leishmaniasis (VL), dermal <i>Leishmania</i> parasite burden, and the role of skin parasitism in transmissibility to sand fly vectors. First, we discuss the epidemiology of VL amongst dogs, the primary zoonotic reservoir for human infection. We explore the association between spatial distribution and the burden of parasites in the skin in driving outward transmission. Factors associated with parasite persistence in the skin are examined. We discuss systemic immunity during VL and what is known about immunological correlates in the skin microenvironment. Finally, we touch on factors egested into the skin during <i>Leishmania</i> inoculation by sand flies. Throughout, we discuss factors associated with the early and chronic establishment of <i>Leishmania</i> parasites in the skin and the role of the dermal immune response.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/6/610parasite burdentransmissibilityvisceral leishmaniasisinfectiousnessdermal immune environment |
| spellingShingle | Sahaana Arumugam Breanna M. Scorza Christine Petersen Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Skin: Dermal Parasite Transmission to Sand Flies Pathogens parasite burden transmissibility visceral leishmaniasis infectiousness dermal immune environment |
| title | Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Skin: Dermal Parasite Transmission to Sand Flies |
| title_full | Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Skin: Dermal Parasite Transmission to Sand Flies |
| title_fullStr | Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Skin: Dermal Parasite Transmission to Sand Flies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Skin: Dermal Parasite Transmission to Sand Flies |
| title_short | Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Skin: Dermal Parasite Transmission to Sand Flies |
| title_sort | visceral leishmaniasis and the skin dermal parasite transmission to sand flies |
| topic | parasite burden transmissibility visceral leishmaniasis infectiousness dermal immune environment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/6/610 |
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