Lack of Evidence on Association between Iron Deficiency and COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing Humoral Immunity
Iron is a crucial micronutrient for immunity induction in response to infections and vaccinations. This study aimed to investigate the effect of iron deficiency on COVID-19-vaccine-induced humoral immunity. We investigated the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and ChAdOx nCov-...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/2/327 |
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| author | Arwa A. Faizo Asma A. Bawazir Majed N. Almashjary Ahmed M. Hassan Fadi S. Qashqari Ahmed S. Barefah Sherif A. El-Kafrawy Thamir A. Alandijany Esam I. Azhar |
| author_facet | Arwa A. Faizo Asma A. Bawazir Majed N. Almashjary Ahmed M. Hassan Fadi S. Qashqari Ahmed S. Barefah Sherif A. El-Kafrawy Thamir A. Alandijany Esam I. Azhar |
| author_sort | Arwa A. Faizo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Iron is a crucial micronutrient for immunity induction in response to infections and vaccinations. This study aimed to investigate the effect of iron deficiency on COVID-19-vaccine-induced humoral immunity. We investigated the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and ChAdOx nCov-2019) in iron-deficient individuals (<i>n</i> = 63) and provide a side-by-side comparison to healthy controls (<i>n</i> = 67). The presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and anti-nucleocapsid (NP) IgG were assessed using in-house S- and NP-based ELISA followed by serum neutralization test (SNT). High concordance between S-based ELISA and SNT results was observed. The prevalence of neutralizing antibodies was 95.24% (60/63) in the study group and 95.52% (64/67) in the controls with no significant difference. The presence/absence of past infection, period since vaccination, vaccine type, and being iron-deficient or having iron-deficiency anemia did not exert any significant effect on the prevalence or titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. NP-based ELISA identified individuals unaware of exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, absence of anti-NP IgG was noted in participants who were previously diagnosed with COVID-19 suggesting the unpredictability of after-infection immunity. To sum up, this study demonstrated an initial lack of evidence on the association between iron deficiency and the effectiveness of COVID-19-vaccine-induced neutralizing humoral immunity. Similar studies with larger sample size remain necessary to obtain comprehensive conclusions about the effect or lack of effect of iron on COVID-19-vaccine effectiveness. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:01:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5b52f660e90b46ab8fad96ed683c8b40 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:01:37Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-5b52f660e90b46ab8fad96ed683c8b402023-11-16T23:42:52ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2023-02-0111232710.3390/vaccines11020327Lack of Evidence on Association between Iron Deficiency and COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing Humoral ImmunityArwa A. Faizo0Asma A. Bawazir1Majed N. Almashjary2Ahmed M. Hassan3Fadi S. Qashqari4Ahmed S. Barefah5Sherif A. El-Kafrawy6Thamir A. Alandijany7Esam I. Azhar8Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaSpecial Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaSpecial Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaSpecial Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaSpecial Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaSpecial Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaSpecial Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaSpecial Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaSpecial Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaIron is a crucial micronutrient for immunity induction in response to infections and vaccinations. This study aimed to investigate the effect of iron deficiency on COVID-19-vaccine-induced humoral immunity. We investigated the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and ChAdOx nCov-2019) in iron-deficient individuals (<i>n</i> = 63) and provide a side-by-side comparison to healthy controls (<i>n</i> = 67). The presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and anti-nucleocapsid (NP) IgG were assessed using in-house S- and NP-based ELISA followed by serum neutralization test (SNT). High concordance between S-based ELISA and SNT results was observed. The prevalence of neutralizing antibodies was 95.24% (60/63) in the study group and 95.52% (64/67) in the controls with no significant difference. The presence/absence of past infection, period since vaccination, vaccine type, and being iron-deficient or having iron-deficiency anemia did not exert any significant effect on the prevalence or titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. NP-based ELISA identified individuals unaware of exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, absence of anti-NP IgG was noted in participants who were previously diagnosed with COVID-19 suggesting the unpredictability of after-infection immunity. To sum up, this study demonstrated an initial lack of evidence on the association between iron deficiency and the effectiveness of COVID-19-vaccine-induced neutralizing humoral immunity. Similar studies with larger sample size remain necessary to obtain comprehensive conclusions about the effect or lack of effect of iron on COVID-19-vaccine effectiveness.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/2/327COVID-19 vaccineiron deficiencySARS-CoV-2humoral immunityELISA |
| spellingShingle | Arwa A. Faizo Asma A. Bawazir Majed N. Almashjary Ahmed M. Hassan Fadi S. Qashqari Ahmed S. Barefah Sherif A. El-Kafrawy Thamir A. Alandijany Esam I. Azhar Lack of Evidence on Association between Iron Deficiency and COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing Humoral Immunity Vaccines COVID-19 vaccine iron deficiency SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity ELISA |
| title | Lack of Evidence on Association between Iron Deficiency and COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing Humoral Immunity |
| title_full | Lack of Evidence on Association between Iron Deficiency and COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing Humoral Immunity |
| title_fullStr | Lack of Evidence on Association between Iron Deficiency and COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing Humoral Immunity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lack of Evidence on Association between Iron Deficiency and COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing Humoral Immunity |
| title_short | Lack of Evidence on Association between Iron Deficiency and COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing Humoral Immunity |
| title_sort | lack of evidence on association between iron deficiency and covid 19 vaccine induced neutralizing humoral immunity |
| topic | COVID-19 vaccine iron deficiency SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity ELISA |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/2/327 |
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