Airborne Dissemination of Bacteria (Enterococci, Staphylococci and <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>) in a Modern Broiler Farm and Its Environment
The role of the air as a vehicle of bacteria dissemination in the farming environment has been previously reported, but still scarcely studied. This study investigated the bacteria density/diversity of the inside and outside air and of litter samples at a broiler farm. Samples were collected conside...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Animals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/6/1783 |
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| author | Susana Sanz Carmen Olarte Raquel Hidalgo-Sanz Laura Ruiz-Ripa Rosa Fernández-Fernández Sara García-Vela Sandra Martínez-Álvarez Carmen Torres |
| author_facet | Susana Sanz Carmen Olarte Raquel Hidalgo-Sanz Laura Ruiz-Ripa Rosa Fernández-Fernández Sara García-Vela Sandra Martínez-Álvarez Carmen Torres |
| author_sort | Susana Sanz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The role of the air as a vehicle of bacteria dissemination in the farming environment has been previously reported, but still scarcely studied. This study investigated the bacteria density/diversity of the inside and outside air and of litter samples at a broiler farm. Samples were collected considering two seasons, three outside air distances (50/100/150 m) and the four cardinal directions. Selective media was used for staphylococci, enterococci, and <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> recovery. A high number of bacteria was detected in the litter (2.9 × 10<sup>5</sup>–5.8 × 10<sup>7</sup> cfu/g) and in the inside air (>10<sup>5</sup> cfu/m<sup>3</sup>), but a low emission of bacteria was evidenced in the outside air (<6 cfu/m<sup>3</sup>). Moreover, the bacteria detected in the farm’s outside air decreased the further from the farm the sample was taken. A total of 544 isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF (146 from the litter, 142 from inside air and 256 from outside air). From these, 162 staphylococci (14 species; <i>S. saprophyticus</i> 40.7%), 176 <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> (4 species; <i>E. coli</i> 66%) and 190 enterococci (4 species; <i>E. hirae</i> 83%) were detected. <i>E. hirae</i> was the predominant species, and identical PFGE clones were detected in inside and outside samples. The detection of identical DNA profiles in <i>E. hirae</i> isolates from inside and outside samples suggests the role of the air in bacterial dissemination from the inside of the broiler farm to the immediate environment. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:24:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5b961a47e7184d04ad2c875e446f4c6e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:24:22Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj.art-5b961a47e7184d04ad2c875e446f4c6e2023-11-22T00:08:34ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152021-06-01116178310.3390/ani11061783Airborne Dissemination of Bacteria (Enterococci, Staphylococci and <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>) in a Modern Broiler Farm and Its EnvironmentSusana Sanz0Carmen Olarte1Raquel Hidalgo-Sanz2Laura Ruiz-Ripa3Rosa Fernández-Fernández4Sara García-Vela5Sandra Martínez-Álvarez6Carmen Torres7Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, SpainTecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, SpainBioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, SpainBioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, SpainBioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, SpainBioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, SpainBioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, SpainBioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, SpainThe role of the air as a vehicle of bacteria dissemination in the farming environment has been previously reported, but still scarcely studied. This study investigated the bacteria density/diversity of the inside and outside air and of litter samples at a broiler farm. Samples were collected considering two seasons, three outside air distances (50/100/150 m) and the four cardinal directions. Selective media was used for staphylococci, enterococci, and <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> recovery. A high number of bacteria was detected in the litter (2.9 × 10<sup>5</sup>–5.8 × 10<sup>7</sup> cfu/g) and in the inside air (>10<sup>5</sup> cfu/m<sup>3</sup>), but a low emission of bacteria was evidenced in the outside air (<6 cfu/m<sup>3</sup>). Moreover, the bacteria detected in the farm’s outside air decreased the further from the farm the sample was taken. A total of 544 isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF (146 from the litter, 142 from inside air and 256 from outside air). From these, 162 staphylococci (14 species; <i>S. saprophyticus</i> 40.7%), 176 <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> (4 species; <i>E. coli</i> 66%) and 190 enterococci (4 species; <i>E. hirae</i> 83%) were detected. <i>E. hirae</i> was the predominant species, and identical PFGE clones were detected in inside and outside samples. The detection of identical DNA profiles in <i>E. hirae</i> isolates from inside and outside samples suggests the role of the air in bacterial dissemination from the inside of the broiler farm to the immediate environment.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/6/1783airdisseminationbacteriabroiler farm<i>Enterococcus hirae</i> |
| spellingShingle | Susana Sanz Carmen Olarte Raquel Hidalgo-Sanz Laura Ruiz-Ripa Rosa Fernández-Fernández Sara García-Vela Sandra Martínez-Álvarez Carmen Torres Airborne Dissemination of Bacteria (Enterococci, Staphylococci and <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>) in a Modern Broiler Farm and Its Environment Animals air dissemination bacteria broiler farm <i>Enterococcus hirae</i> |
| title | Airborne Dissemination of Bacteria (Enterococci, Staphylococci and <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>) in a Modern Broiler Farm and Its Environment |
| title_full | Airborne Dissemination of Bacteria (Enterococci, Staphylococci and <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>) in a Modern Broiler Farm and Its Environment |
| title_fullStr | Airborne Dissemination of Bacteria (Enterococci, Staphylococci and <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>) in a Modern Broiler Farm and Its Environment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Airborne Dissemination of Bacteria (Enterococci, Staphylococci and <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>) in a Modern Broiler Farm and Its Environment |
| title_short | Airborne Dissemination of Bacteria (Enterococci, Staphylococci and <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>) in a Modern Broiler Farm and Its Environment |
| title_sort | airborne dissemination of bacteria enterococci staphylococci and i enterobacteriaceae i in a modern broiler farm and its environment |
| topic | air dissemination bacteria broiler farm <i>Enterococcus hirae</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/6/1783 |
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