Experimental Demonstration of Compact Polymer Mass Transfer Device Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing with Hydrogel Integration to Bio-Mimic the Liver Functions
In this paper, we designed and demonstrated a stimuli-responsive hydrogel that mimics the mass diffusion function of the liver. We have controlled the release mechanism using temperature and pH variations. Additive manufacturing technology was used to fabricate the device with nylon (PA-12), using s...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Bioengineering |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/10/4/416 |
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| author | Ganesan Narendran Avdhoot Walunj A. Mohan Kumar Praveen Jeyachandran Nasser S. Awwad Hala A. Ibrahium M. R. Gorji D. Arumuga Perumal |
| author_facet | Ganesan Narendran Avdhoot Walunj A. Mohan Kumar Praveen Jeyachandran Nasser S. Awwad Hala A. Ibrahium M. R. Gorji D. Arumuga Perumal |
| author_sort | Ganesan Narendran |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this paper, we designed and demonstrated a stimuli-responsive hydrogel that mimics the mass diffusion function of the liver. We have controlled the release mechanism using temperature and pH variations. Additive manufacturing technology was used to fabricate the device with nylon (PA-12), using selective laser sintering (SLS). The device has two compartment sections: the lower section handles the thermal management, and feeds temperature-regulated water into the mass transfer section of the upper compartment. The upper chamber has a two-layered serpentine concentric tube; the inner tube carries the temperature-regulated water to the hydrogel using the given pores. Here, the hydrogel is present in order to facilitate the release of the loaded methylene blue (MB) into the fluid. By adjusting the fluid’s pH, flow rate, and temperature, the deswelling properties of the hydrogel were examined. The weight of the hydrogel was maximum at 10 mL/min and decreased by 25.29% to 10.12 g for the flow rate of 50 mL/min. The cumulative MB release at 30 °C increased to 47% for the lower flow rate of 10 mL/min, and the cumulative release at 40 °C climbed to 55%, which is 44.7% more than at 30 °C. The MB release rates considerably increased when the pH dropped from 12 to 8, showing that the lower pH had a major impact on the release of MB from the hydrogel. Only 19% of the MB was released at pH 12 after 50 min, and after that, the release rate remained nearly constant. At higher fluid temperatures, the hydrogels lost approximately 80% of their water in just 20 min, compared to a loss of 50% of their water at room temperature. The outcomes of this study may contribute to further developments in artificial organ design. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:13:56Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:13:56Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
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| series | Bioengineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-5b9751274b794ba78eea8c0d18a87dfc2023-11-17T18:21:48ZengMDPI AGBioengineering2306-53542023-03-0110441610.3390/bioengineering10040416Experimental Demonstration of Compact Polymer Mass Transfer Device Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing with Hydrogel Integration to Bio-Mimic the Liver FunctionsGanesan Narendran0Avdhoot Walunj1A. Mohan Kumar2Praveen Jeyachandran3Nasser S. Awwad4Hala A. Ibrahium5M. R. Gorji6D. Arumuga Perumal7Micro and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Suruthkal, Mangaluru 575025, IndiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri 413722, Maharashtra, IndiaDepartment of Clinical Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri 522503, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Suruthkal, Mangaluru 575025, IndiaDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi ArabiaFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, BelgiumMicro and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Suruthkal, Mangaluru 575025, IndiaIn this paper, we designed and demonstrated a stimuli-responsive hydrogel that mimics the mass diffusion function of the liver. We have controlled the release mechanism using temperature and pH variations. Additive manufacturing technology was used to fabricate the device with nylon (PA-12), using selective laser sintering (SLS). The device has two compartment sections: the lower section handles the thermal management, and feeds temperature-regulated water into the mass transfer section of the upper compartment. The upper chamber has a two-layered serpentine concentric tube; the inner tube carries the temperature-regulated water to the hydrogel using the given pores. Here, the hydrogel is present in order to facilitate the release of the loaded methylene blue (MB) into the fluid. By adjusting the fluid’s pH, flow rate, and temperature, the deswelling properties of the hydrogel were examined. The weight of the hydrogel was maximum at 10 mL/min and decreased by 25.29% to 10.12 g for the flow rate of 50 mL/min. The cumulative MB release at 30 °C increased to 47% for the lower flow rate of 10 mL/min, and the cumulative release at 40 °C climbed to 55%, which is 44.7% more than at 30 °C. The MB release rates considerably increased when the pH dropped from 12 to 8, showing that the lower pH had a major impact on the release of MB from the hydrogel. Only 19% of the MB was released at pH 12 after 50 min, and after that, the release rate remained nearly constant. At higher fluid temperatures, the hydrogels lost approximately 80% of their water in just 20 min, compared to a loss of 50% of their water at room temperature. The outcomes of this study may contribute to further developments in artificial organ design.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/10/4/416liver functionbiomimicryadditive manufacturinghydrogelselective laser sintering |
| spellingShingle | Ganesan Narendran Avdhoot Walunj A. Mohan Kumar Praveen Jeyachandran Nasser S. Awwad Hala A. Ibrahium M. R. Gorji D. Arumuga Perumal Experimental Demonstration of Compact Polymer Mass Transfer Device Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing with Hydrogel Integration to Bio-Mimic the Liver Functions Bioengineering liver function biomimicry additive manufacturing hydrogel selective laser sintering |
| title | Experimental Demonstration of Compact Polymer Mass Transfer Device Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing with Hydrogel Integration to Bio-Mimic the Liver Functions |
| title_full | Experimental Demonstration of Compact Polymer Mass Transfer Device Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing with Hydrogel Integration to Bio-Mimic the Liver Functions |
| title_fullStr | Experimental Demonstration of Compact Polymer Mass Transfer Device Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing with Hydrogel Integration to Bio-Mimic the Liver Functions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Experimental Demonstration of Compact Polymer Mass Transfer Device Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing with Hydrogel Integration to Bio-Mimic the Liver Functions |
| title_short | Experimental Demonstration of Compact Polymer Mass Transfer Device Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing with Hydrogel Integration to Bio-Mimic the Liver Functions |
| title_sort | experimental demonstration of compact polymer mass transfer device manufactured by additive manufacturing with hydrogel integration to bio mimic the liver functions |
| topic | liver function biomimicry additive manufacturing hydrogel selective laser sintering |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/10/4/416 |
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