<i>Codium fragile</i> Suppressed Chronic PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Exposed Pulmonary Dysfunction via TLR/TGF-β Pathway in BALB/c Mice
This study investigated the ameliorating effect of the aqueous extract of <i>Codium fragile</i> on PM<sub>2.5</sub>-induced pulmonary dysfunction. The major compounds of <i>Codium fragile</i> were identified as palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleamide using GC/MS...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/9/1743 |
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| author | Tae Yoon Kim Jong Min Kim Hyo Lim Lee Min Ji Go Seung Gyum Joo Ju Hui Kim Han Su Lee Won Min Jeong Dong Yeol Lee Hyun-Jin Kim Ho Jin Heo |
| author_facet | Tae Yoon Kim Jong Min Kim Hyo Lim Lee Min Ji Go Seung Gyum Joo Ju Hui Kim Han Su Lee Won Min Jeong Dong Yeol Lee Hyun-Jin Kim Ho Jin Heo |
| author_sort | Tae Yoon Kim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study investigated the ameliorating effect of the aqueous extract of <i>Codium fragile</i> on PM<sub>2.5</sub>-induced pulmonary dysfunction. The major compounds of <i>Codium fragile</i> were identified as palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleamide using GC/MS<sup>2</sup> and hexadecanamide, oleamide, and 13-docosenamide using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS<sup>E</sup>. <i>Codium fragile</i> improved pulmonary antioxidant system deficit by regulating SOD activities and reducing GSH levels and MDA contents. It suppressed pulmonary mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating ROS contents and mitochondrial membrane potential levels. It regulated the inflammatory protein levels of TLR4, MyD88, p-JNK, p-NF-κB, iNOS, Caspase-1, TNF-α, and IL-1β. In addition, it improved the apoptotic protein expression of BCl-2, BAX, and Caspase-3 and attenuated the fibrous protein expression of TGF-β1, p-Smad-2, p-Smad-3, MMP-1, and MMP-2. In conclusion, this study suggests that <i>Codium fragile</i> might be a potential material for functional food or pharmaceuticals to improve lung damage by regulating oxidative stress inflammation, cytotoxicity, and fibrosis via the TLR/TGF-β1 signaling pathway. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:05:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5b9dd95a4e9c4630bb1a58570d488dc7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:05:26Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-5b9dd95a4e9c4630bb1a58570d488dc72023-11-19T09:19:49ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212023-09-01129174310.3390/antiox12091743<i>Codium fragile</i> Suppressed Chronic PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Exposed Pulmonary Dysfunction via TLR/TGF-β Pathway in BALB/c MiceTae Yoon Kim0Jong Min Kim1Hyo Lim Lee2Min Ji Go3Seung Gyum Joo4Ju Hui Kim5Han Su Lee6Won Min Jeong7Dong Yeol Lee8Hyun-Jin Kim9Ho Jin Heo10Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeonsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of KoreaDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeonsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of KoreaDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeonsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of KoreaDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeonsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of KoreaDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeonsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of KoreaDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeonsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of KoreaDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeonsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of KoreaResearch & Development Team, Gyeongnam Anti-Aging Research Institute, Sancheong 52215, Republic of KoreaResearch & Development Team, Gyeongnam Anti-Aging Research Institute, Sancheong 52215, Republic of KoreaDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeonsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of KoreaDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeonsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of KoreaThis study investigated the ameliorating effect of the aqueous extract of <i>Codium fragile</i> on PM<sub>2.5</sub>-induced pulmonary dysfunction. The major compounds of <i>Codium fragile</i> were identified as palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleamide using GC/MS<sup>2</sup> and hexadecanamide, oleamide, and 13-docosenamide using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS<sup>E</sup>. <i>Codium fragile</i> improved pulmonary antioxidant system deficit by regulating SOD activities and reducing GSH levels and MDA contents. It suppressed pulmonary mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating ROS contents and mitochondrial membrane potential levels. It regulated the inflammatory protein levels of TLR4, MyD88, p-JNK, p-NF-κB, iNOS, Caspase-1, TNF-α, and IL-1β. In addition, it improved the apoptotic protein expression of BCl-2, BAX, and Caspase-3 and attenuated the fibrous protein expression of TGF-β1, p-Smad-2, p-Smad-3, MMP-1, and MMP-2. In conclusion, this study suggests that <i>Codium fragile</i> might be a potential material for functional food or pharmaceuticals to improve lung damage by regulating oxidative stress inflammation, cytotoxicity, and fibrosis via the TLR/TGF-β1 signaling pathway.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/9/1743<i>Codium fragile</i>particulate matterpulmonary inflammation fibrosistoll-like receptor |
| spellingShingle | Tae Yoon Kim Jong Min Kim Hyo Lim Lee Min Ji Go Seung Gyum Joo Ju Hui Kim Han Su Lee Won Min Jeong Dong Yeol Lee Hyun-Jin Kim Ho Jin Heo <i>Codium fragile</i> Suppressed Chronic PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Exposed Pulmonary Dysfunction via TLR/TGF-β Pathway in BALB/c Mice Antioxidants <i>Codium fragile</i> particulate matter pulmonary inflammation fibrosis toll-like receptor |
| title | <i>Codium fragile</i> Suppressed Chronic PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Exposed Pulmonary Dysfunction via TLR/TGF-β Pathway in BALB/c Mice |
| title_full | <i>Codium fragile</i> Suppressed Chronic PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Exposed Pulmonary Dysfunction via TLR/TGF-β Pathway in BALB/c Mice |
| title_fullStr | <i>Codium fragile</i> Suppressed Chronic PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Exposed Pulmonary Dysfunction via TLR/TGF-β Pathway in BALB/c Mice |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Codium fragile</i> Suppressed Chronic PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Exposed Pulmonary Dysfunction via TLR/TGF-β Pathway in BALB/c Mice |
| title_short | <i>Codium fragile</i> Suppressed Chronic PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Exposed Pulmonary Dysfunction via TLR/TGF-β Pathway in BALB/c Mice |
| title_sort | i codium fragile i suppressed chronic pm sub 2 5 sub exposed pulmonary dysfunction via tlr tgf β pathway in balb c mice |
| topic | <i>Codium fragile</i> particulate matter pulmonary inflammation fibrosis toll-like receptor |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/9/1743 |
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