Arctic Multiyear Ice Areal Flux and Its Connection with Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulations in the Winters of 2002–2021
Arctic sea ice, especially the multiyear ice (MYI), is decreasing rapidly, partly due to melting triggered by global warming, in turn partly due to the possible acceleration of ice export from the Arctic Ocean to southern latitudes through identifiable gates. In this study, MYI and total sea ice are...
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3742 |
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| author | Huiyan Kuang Yanbing Luo Yufang Ye Mohammed Shokr Zhuoqi Chen Shaoyin Wang Fengming Hui Haibo Bi Xiao Cheng |
| author_facet | Huiyan Kuang Yanbing Luo Yufang Ye Mohammed Shokr Zhuoqi Chen Shaoyin Wang Fengming Hui Haibo Bi Xiao Cheng |
| author_sort | Huiyan Kuang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Arctic sea ice, especially the multiyear ice (MYI), is decreasing rapidly, partly due to melting triggered by global warming, in turn partly due to the possible acceleration of ice export from the Arctic Ocean to southern latitudes through identifiable gates. In this study, MYI and total sea ice areal flux through six Arctic gateways over the winters (October–April) of 2002–2021 were estimated using daily sea ice motion and MYI/total sea ice concentration data. Inconsistencies caused by different data sources were considered for the estimate of MYI flux. Results showed that, there is a slight declining trend in the Arctic MYI areal flux over the past two decades, which is attributable to the decrease in MYI concentration. Overall speaking, MYI flux through Fram Strait accounts for ~87% of the Arctic MYI outflow, with an average of ~325.92 × 10<sup>3</sup> km<sup>2</sup> for the winters of 2002–2021. The monthly MYI areal flux through Fram Strait is characterized with a peak in March (~55.56 × 10<sup>3</sup> km<sup>2</sup>) and a trough in April (~40.97 × 10<sup>3</sup> km<sup>2</sup>), with a major contribution from MYI concentration. The connections between sea ice outflow and large-scale atmospheric circulations such as Arctic Oscillation (AO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Dipole Anomaly (DA) were investigated. High correlation coefficients (CCs) were found in winter months such as January and February. While AO and NAO (especially NAO) exhibited generally weak correlations with the MYI/total sea ice flux, DA presented strong correlations with the areal flux, especially for MYI (CC up to 0.90 in January). However, the atmospheric circulation patterns are sometimes not fully characterized by the specific indices, which could have different effects on sea ice flux and its correlation with the atmospheric indices. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:05:26Z |
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| id | doaj.art-5baa40c6c425480b9f415ca9cb1de8f3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:05:26Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-5baa40c6c425480b9f415ca9cb1de8f32023-12-01T23:08:35ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922022-08-011415374210.3390/rs14153742Arctic Multiyear Ice Areal Flux and Its Connection with Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulations in the Winters of 2002–2021Huiyan Kuang0Yanbing Luo1Yufang Ye2Mohammed Shokr3Zhuoqi Chen4Shaoyin Wang5Fengming Hui6Haibo Bi7Xiao Cheng8School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, ChinaSchool of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, ChinaSchool of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, ChinaScience and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON M3H5T4, CanadaSchool of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, ChinaSchool of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, ChinaSchool of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, ChinaCAS Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, ChinaSchool of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, ChinaArctic sea ice, especially the multiyear ice (MYI), is decreasing rapidly, partly due to melting triggered by global warming, in turn partly due to the possible acceleration of ice export from the Arctic Ocean to southern latitudes through identifiable gates. In this study, MYI and total sea ice areal flux through six Arctic gateways over the winters (October–April) of 2002–2021 were estimated using daily sea ice motion and MYI/total sea ice concentration data. Inconsistencies caused by different data sources were considered for the estimate of MYI flux. Results showed that, there is a slight declining trend in the Arctic MYI areal flux over the past two decades, which is attributable to the decrease in MYI concentration. Overall speaking, MYI flux through Fram Strait accounts for ~87% of the Arctic MYI outflow, with an average of ~325.92 × 10<sup>3</sup> km<sup>2</sup> for the winters of 2002–2021. The monthly MYI areal flux through Fram Strait is characterized with a peak in March (~55.56 × 10<sup>3</sup> km<sup>2</sup>) and a trough in April (~40.97 × 10<sup>3</sup> km<sup>2</sup>), with a major contribution from MYI concentration. The connections between sea ice outflow and large-scale atmospheric circulations such as Arctic Oscillation (AO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Dipole Anomaly (DA) were investigated. High correlation coefficients (CCs) were found in winter months such as January and February. While AO and NAO (especially NAO) exhibited generally weak correlations with the MYI/total sea ice flux, DA presented strong correlations with the areal flux, especially for MYI (CC up to 0.90 in January). However, the atmospheric circulation patterns are sometimes not fully characterized by the specific indices, which could have different effects on sea ice flux and its correlation with the atmospheric indices.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3742multiyear icesea ice areal fluxFram Straitatmospheric circulationsarctic dipole anomaly |
| spellingShingle | Huiyan Kuang Yanbing Luo Yufang Ye Mohammed Shokr Zhuoqi Chen Shaoyin Wang Fengming Hui Haibo Bi Xiao Cheng Arctic Multiyear Ice Areal Flux and Its Connection with Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulations in the Winters of 2002–2021 Remote Sensing multiyear ice sea ice areal flux Fram Strait atmospheric circulations arctic dipole anomaly |
| title | Arctic Multiyear Ice Areal Flux and Its Connection with Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulations in the Winters of 2002–2021 |
| title_full | Arctic Multiyear Ice Areal Flux and Its Connection with Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulations in the Winters of 2002–2021 |
| title_fullStr | Arctic Multiyear Ice Areal Flux and Its Connection with Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulations in the Winters of 2002–2021 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Arctic Multiyear Ice Areal Flux and Its Connection with Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulations in the Winters of 2002–2021 |
| title_short | Arctic Multiyear Ice Areal Flux and Its Connection with Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulations in the Winters of 2002–2021 |
| title_sort | arctic multiyear ice areal flux and its connection with large scale atmospheric circulations in the winters of 2002 2021 |
| topic | multiyear ice sea ice areal flux Fram Strait atmospheric circulations arctic dipole anomaly |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3742 |
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