Spectral and Structural Properties of High-Quality Reduced Graphene Oxide Produced via a Simple Approach Using Tetraethylenepentamine
A simple temperature-assisted solution interaction technique was used to functionalize and reduce graphene oxide (GO) using tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) with less chemicals, low temperature, and without using other reducing agents. GO nanosheets, produced using a modified Hummers’ method, were func...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Nanomaterials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/12/8/1240 |
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| author | Abedalkader Alkhouzaam Haneen Abdelrazeq Majeda Khraisheh Fares AlMomani Bassim H. Hameed Mohammad K. Hassan Mohammad A. Al-Ghouti Rengaraj Selvaraj |
| author_facet | Abedalkader Alkhouzaam Haneen Abdelrazeq Majeda Khraisheh Fares AlMomani Bassim H. Hameed Mohammad K. Hassan Mohammad A. Al-Ghouti Rengaraj Selvaraj |
| author_sort | Abedalkader Alkhouzaam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A simple temperature-assisted solution interaction technique was used to functionalize and reduce graphene oxide (GO) using tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) with less chemicals, low temperature, and without using other reducing agents. GO nanosheets, produced using a modified Hummers’ method, were functionalized using two different GO:TEPA ratios (1:5 and 1:10). The reduction of GO was evaluated and confirmed by different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The FTIR and XPS spectra revealed that most of the oxygenated groups of GO were reduced. The emergence of amide groups in the XPS survey of the rGO-TEPA samples confirmed the successful reaction of TEPA with the carboxyl groups on the edges of GO. The replacement of the oxygenated groups increased the carbon/oxygen (C/O) ratio of GO by approximately 60%, suggesting a good reduction degree. It was found that the I<sub>2D</sub>/I<sub>D+D′</sub> ratio and the relative intensity of the D″ band clearly increased after the reduction reaction, suggesting that these bands are good estimators for the reduction degree of GO. The morphological structure of GO was also affected by the reaction with TEPA, which was confirmed by SEM and TEM images. The TEM images showed that the transparent GO sheets became denser and opaque after functionalization with TEPA, indicating an increase in the stacking level of the GO sheets. This was further confirmed by the XRD analysis, which showed a clear decrease in the d-spacing, caused by the removal of oxygenated groups during the reduction reaction. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:31:05Z |
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| issn | 2079-4991 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:31:05Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nanomaterials |
| spelling | doaj.art-5bbcadc5f9dd404791dc8dab083f6cd52023-12-01T21:16:39ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912022-04-01128124010.3390/nano12081240Spectral and Structural Properties of High-Quality Reduced Graphene Oxide Produced via a Simple Approach Using TetraethylenepentamineAbedalkader Alkhouzaam0Haneen Abdelrazeq1Majeda Khraisheh2Fares AlMomani3Bassim H. Hameed4Mohammad K. Hassan5Mohammad A. Al-Ghouti6Rengaraj Selvaraj7Mechanical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha P.O. Box 23874, QatarDepartment of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, QatarDepartment of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, QatarDepartment of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, QatarDepartment of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, QatarCenter of Advanced Material (CAM), Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, QatarEnvironmental Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, QatarDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, OmanA simple temperature-assisted solution interaction technique was used to functionalize and reduce graphene oxide (GO) using tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) with less chemicals, low temperature, and without using other reducing agents. GO nanosheets, produced using a modified Hummers’ method, were functionalized using two different GO:TEPA ratios (1:5 and 1:10). The reduction of GO was evaluated and confirmed by different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The FTIR and XPS spectra revealed that most of the oxygenated groups of GO were reduced. The emergence of amide groups in the XPS survey of the rGO-TEPA samples confirmed the successful reaction of TEPA with the carboxyl groups on the edges of GO. The replacement of the oxygenated groups increased the carbon/oxygen (C/O) ratio of GO by approximately 60%, suggesting a good reduction degree. It was found that the I<sub>2D</sub>/I<sub>D+D′</sub> ratio and the relative intensity of the D″ band clearly increased after the reduction reaction, suggesting that these bands are good estimators for the reduction degree of GO. The morphological structure of GO was also affected by the reaction with TEPA, which was confirmed by SEM and TEM images. The TEM images showed that the transparent GO sheets became denser and opaque after functionalization with TEPA, indicating an increase in the stacking level of the GO sheets. This was further confirmed by the XRD analysis, which showed a clear decrease in the d-spacing, caused by the removal of oxygenated groups during the reduction reaction.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/12/8/1240reduced graphene oxidetetraethylenepentamineamine-functionalized GOcharacterization |
| spellingShingle | Abedalkader Alkhouzaam Haneen Abdelrazeq Majeda Khraisheh Fares AlMomani Bassim H. Hameed Mohammad K. Hassan Mohammad A. Al-Ghouti Rengaraj Selvaraj Spectral and Structural Properties of High-Quality Reduced Graphene Oxide Produced via a Simple Approach Using Tetraethylenepentamine Nanomaterials reduced graphene oxide tetraethylenepentamine amine-functionalized GO characterization |
| title | Spectral and Structural Properties of High-Quality Reduced Graphene Oxide Produced via a Simple Approach Using Tetraethylenepentamine |
| title_full | Spectral and Structural Properties of High-Quality Reduced Graphene Oxide Produced via a Simple Approach Using Tetraethylenepentamine |
| title_fullStr | Spectral and Structural Properties of High-Quality Reduced Graphene Oxide Produced via a Simple Approach Using Tetraethylenepentamine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spectral and Structural Properties of High-Quality Reduced Graphene Oxide Produced via a Simple Approach Using Tetraethylenepentamine |
| title_short | Spectral and Structural Properties of High-Quality Reduced Graphene Oxide Produced via a Simple Approach Using Tetraethylenepentamine |
| title_sort | spectral and structural properties of high quality reduced graphene oxide produced via a simple approach using tetraethylenepentamine |
| topic | reduced graphene oxide tetraethylenepentamine amine-functionalized GO characterization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/12/8/1240 |
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