Spring Wheat–Summer Maize Annual Crop System Grain Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Response to Nitrogen Application Rate in the Thermal–Resource–Limited Region of the North China Plain
Spring wheat–summer maize (SWSM) annual crop systems were formed to satisfy the maize grain mechanized harvest thermal requirement in the thermal–resource–limited region of the North China Plain. However, the nitrogen (N) application rate effect on SWSM annual yield formation, N accumulation and uti...
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/1/155 |
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| author | Meng Liu Zhiqi Ma Qian Liang Yao Zhang Yong’an Yang Haipeng Hou Xidong Wu Junzhu Ge |
| author_facet | Meng Liu Zhiqi Ma Qian Liang Yao Zhang Yong’an Yang Haipeng Hou Xidong Wu Junzhu Ge |
| author_sort | Meng Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Spring wheat–summer maize (SWSM) annual crop systems were formed to satisfy the maize grain mechanized harvest thermal requirement in the thermal–resource–limited region of the North China Plain. However, the nitrogen (N) application rate effect on SWSM annual yield formation, N accumulation and utilization were barely evaluated. Two–year field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the N application rate on the annual yield of SWSM, observe N accumulation and utilization, and identify the optimized N application. The experiments were conducted under 5 N levels of 0 (N0), 180 (N180), 240 (N240), 300 (N300), and 360 (N360) kg ha<sup>−1</sup>. The results showed that spring wheat, summer maize and annual cereal yield under the N<sub>240</sub> and N<sub>480</sub> treatments obtained the highest grain yield (GY) of 5038, 1282 and 16,320 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, and the optimal N application rate was estimated using a linear–plateau model to be 231–307, 222–337 and 463–571 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> with maximum GY of 4654–5317, 11,727–12,003 and 16,349–16,658 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. With the increase in the N application rate, the dry matter accumulation (DM) were significantly increased by 16.9–173.5% for spring wheat and 11.1≈–76.8% for summer maize, respectively; and the annual cereal DM was 15.1–179.7% greater than that with N<sub>0</sub> treatment, respectively. Spring wheat, summer maize and the annual cereal total N accumulation (TN) under N<sub>360</sub> and N<sub>720</sub> treatments were significantly increased by 5.4–19.1%, 16.6–32.3% and 11.5–26.2%, respectively, compared to the other treatments; however, N use efficiency for biomass and grain production (NUEbms and NUEg) were decreased significantly by 10.9–13.6% and 8.9–20.7%, 6.8–13.8% and 12.2–15.6%, and 5.5–11.7% and 10.0–16.0%, respectively. Meanwhile, the N partial factor productivity (PFPN), N agronomy use efficiency (ANUE), N recovery efficiency (NRE) and N uptake efficiency (NEupk) under the N<sub>240</sub> treatment for spring wheat and summer maize obtained high levels of 20.99 and 47.01 kg<sup>−1</sup>, 9.27 and 16.35 kg<sup>−1</sup>, 32.53% and 32.44%, and 0.85 and 0.72 kg<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that the N application rate, TN and NEupk played significantly positive roles on GY, spring wheat spilke grain number, summer maize ear grain number and 1000–grain weight, DM LAImax and SPADmax, while NUEbms, NUEg, PFPN and ANUE always played negative effects. These results demonstrate that spring wheat, summer maize and annual cereal obtained the highest GY being 4654–5317, 11,727–12,003 and 16,349–16,658 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> with the optimal N application rate 231–307, 222–337 and 463–571 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, which provide N application guidance to farmer for spring wheat–summer maize crop systems to achieve annual mechanical harvesting in the thermal–resource–limited region of the North China Plain. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:51:03Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:51:03Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-5beb67e8f1404bd3b001f893acdbcd852023-11-30T20:49:43ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952023-01-0113115510.3390/agronomy13010155Spring Wheat–Summer Maize Annual Crop System Grain Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Response to Nitrogen Application Rate in the Thermal–Resource–Limited Region of the North China PlainMeng Liu0Zhiqi Ma1Qian Liang2Yao Zhang3Yong’an Yang4Haipeng Hou5Xidong Wu6Junzhu Ge7College of Agronomy, Resources and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, ChinaCollege of Agronomy, Resources and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, ChinaCollege of Agronomy, Resources and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, ChinaCollege of Agronomy, Resources and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, ChinaTianjin Highquality Agricultural Products Development Demonstration Center, Tianjin 301500, ChinaTianjin Agricultural Development Service Center, Tianjin 300061, ChinaCollege of Agronomy, Resources and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, ChinaCollege of Agronomy, Resources and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, ChinaSpring wheat–summer maize (SWSM) annual crop systems were formed to satisfy the maize grain mechanized harvest thermal requirement in the thermal–resource–limited region of the North China Plain. However, the nitrogen (N) application rate effect on SWSM annual yield formation, N accumulation and utilization were barely evaluated. Two–year field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the N application rate on the annual yield of SWSM, observe N accumulation and utilization, and identify the optimized N application. The experiments were conducted under 5 N levels of 0 (N0), 180 (N180), 240 (N240), 300 (N300), and 360 (N360) kg ha<sup>−1</sup>. The results showed that spring wheat, summer maize and annual cereal yield under the N<sub>240</sub> and N<sub>480</sub> treatments obtained the highest grain yield (GY) of 5038, 1282 and 16,320 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, and the optimal N application rate was estimated using a linear–plateau model to be 231–307, 222–337 and 463–571 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> with maximum GY of 4654–5317, 11,727–12,003 and 16,349–16,658 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. With the increase in the N application rate, the dry matter accumulation (DM) were significantly increased by 16.9–173.5% for spring wheat and 11.1≈–76.8% for summer maize, respectively; and the annual cereal DM was 15.1–179.7% greater than that with N<sub>0</sub> treatment, respectively. Spring wheat, summer maize and the annual cereal total N accumulation (TN) under N<sub>360</sub> and N<sub>720</sub> treatments were significantly increased by 5.4–19.1%, 16.6–32.3% and 11.5–26.2%, respectively, compared to the other treatments; however, N use efficiency for biomass and grain production (NUEbms and NUEg) were decreased significantly by 10.9–13.6% and 8.9–20.7%, 6.8–13.8% and 12.2–15.6%, and 5.5–11.7% and 10.0–16.0%, respectively. Meanwhile, the N partial factor productivity (PFPN), N agronomy use efficiency (ANUE), N recovery efficiency (NRE) and N uptake efficiency (NEupk) under the N<sub>240</sub> treatment for spring wheat and summer maize obtained high levels of 20.99 and 47.01 kg<sup>−1</sup>, 9.27 and 16.35 kg<sup>−1</sup>, 32.53% and 32.44%, and 0.85 and 0.72 kg<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that the N application rate, TN and NEupk played significantly positive roles on GY, spring wheat spilke grain number, summer maize ear grain number and 1000–grain weight, DM LAImax and SPADmax, while NUEbms, NUEg, PFPN and ANUE always played negative effects. These results demonstrate that spring wheat, summer maize and annual cereal obtained the highest GY being 4654–5317, 11,727–12,003 and 16,349–16,658 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> with the optimal N application rate 231–307, 222–337 and 463–571 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, which provide N application guidance to farmer for spring wheat–summer maize crop systems to achieve annual mechanical harvesting in the thermal–resource–limited region of the North China Plain.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/1/155spring wheatsummer maizegrain yieldyield componentsnitrogen application ratenitrogen accumulation and utilization |
| spellingShingle | Meng Liu Zhiqi Ma Qian Liang Yao Zhang Yong’an Yang Haipeng Hou Xidong Wu Junzhu Ge Spring Wheat–Summer Maize Annual Crop System Grain Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Response to Nitrogen Application Rate in the Thermal–Resource–Limited Region of the North China Plain Agronomy spring wheat summer maize grain yield yield components nitrogen application rate nitrogen accumulation and utilization |
| title | Spring Wheat–Summer Maize Annual Crop System Grain Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Response to Nitrogen Application Rate in the Thermal–Resource–Limited Region of the North China Plain |
| title_full | Spring Wheat–Summer Maize Annual Crop System Grain Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Response to Nitrogen Application Rate in the Thermal–Resource–Limited Region of the North China Plain |
| title_fullStr | Spring Wheat–Summer Maize Annual Crop System Grain Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Response to Nitrogen Application Rate in the Thermal–Resource–Limited Region of the North China Plain |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spring Wheat–Summer Maize Annual Crop System Grain Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Response to Nitrogen Application Rate in the Thermal–Resource–Limited Region of the North China Plain |
| title_short | Spring Wheat–Summer Maize Annual Crop System Grain Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Response to Nitrogen Application Rate in the Thermal–Resource–Limited Region of the North China Plain |
| title_sort | spring wheat summer maize annual crop system grain yield and nitrogen utilization response to nitrogen application rate in the thermal resource limited region of the north china plain |
| topic | spring wheat summer maize grain yield yield components nitrogen application rate nitrogen accumulation and utilization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/1/155 |
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