Experimental Demonstration of a Visible Light Communications System Based on Binary Frequency-Shift Keying Modulation: A New Step toward Improved Noise Resilience
Visible light communications (VLC) are an emerging technology that is increasingly demonstrating its ability to provide wireless communications in areas where radio frequency (RF) technology might have some limitations. Therefore, VLC systems offer possible answers to various applications in outdoor...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/11/5001 |
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| author | Cătălin Beguni Adrian Done Alin-Mihai Căilean Sebastian-Andrei Avătămăniței Eduard Zadobrischi |
| author_facet | Cătălin Beguni Adrian Done Alin-Mihai Căilean Sebastian-Andrei Avătămăniței Eduard Zadobrischi |
| author_sort | Cătălin Beguni |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Visible light communications (VLC) are an emerging technology that is increasingly demonstrating its ability to provide wireless communications in areas where radio frequency (RF) technology might have some limitations. Therefore, VLC systems offer possible answers to various applications in outdoor conditions, such as in the road traffic safety domain, or even inside large buildings, such as in indoor positioning applications for blind people. Nevertheless, several challenges must still be addressed in order to obtain a fully reliable solution. One of the most important challenges is focused on further improving the immunity to optical noise. Different from most works, where on–off keying (OOK) modulation and Manchester coding have been the preferred choices, this article proposes a prototype based on a binary frequency-shift keying (BFSK) modulation and non-return-to-zero (NRZ) coding, for which the resilience to noise is compared to that of a standard OOK VLC system. The experimental results showed an optical noise resilience improvement of 25% in direct exposure to incandescent light sources. The VLC system using BFSK modulation was able to maintain a maximum noise irradiance of 3500 µW/cm<sup>2</sup> as compared with 2800 µW/cm<sup>2</sup> for the OOK modulation, and an improvement of almost 20% in indirect exposure to the incandescent light sources. The VLC system with BFSK modulation was able to maintain the active link in an equivalent maximum noise irradiance of 65,000 µW/cm<sup>2</sup>, as opposed to the equivalent 54,000 µW/cm<sup>2</sup> for the OOK modulation. Based on these results, one can see that based on a proper system design, VLC systems are able to provide impressive resilience to optical noise. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:57:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5c153ab2eb63443786770f934f3d74a2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:57:38Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-5c153ab2eb63443786770f934f3d74a22023-11-18T08:31:10ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-05-012311500110.3390/s23115001Experimental Demonstration of a Visible Light Communications System Based on Binary Frequency-Shift Keying Modulation: A New Step toward Improved Noise ResilienceCătălin Beguni0Adrian Done1Alin-Mihai Căilean2Sebastian-Andrei Avătămăniței3Eduard Zadobrischi4Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, RomaniaDepartment of Computers, Electronics and Automation, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, RomaniaIntegrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, RomaniaIntegrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, RomaniaIntegrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, RomaniaVisible light communications (VLC) are an emerging technology that is increasingly demonstrating its ability to provide wireless communications in areas where radio frequency (RF) technology might have some limitations. Therefore, VLC systems offer possible answers to various applications in outdoor conditions, such as in the road traffic safety domain, or even inside large buildings, such as in indoor positioning applications for blind people. Nevertheless, several challenges must still be addressed in order to obtain a fully reliable solution. One of the most important challenges is focused on further improving the immunity to optical noise. Different from most works, where on–off keying (OOK) modulation and Manchester coding have been the preferred choices, this article proposes a prototype based on a binary frequency-shift keying (BFSK) modulation and non-return-to-zero (NRZ) coding, for which the resilience to noise is compared to that of a standard OOK VLC system. The experimental results showed an optical noise resilience improvement of 25% in direct exposure to incandescent light sources. The VLC system using BFSK modulation was able to maintain a maximum noise irradiance of 3500 µW/cm<sup>2</sup> as compared with 2800 µW/cm<sup>2</sup> for the OOK modulation, and an improvement of almost 20% in indirect exposure to the incandescent light sources. The VLC system with BFSK modulation was able to maintain the active link in an equivalent maximum noise irradiance of 65,000 µW/cm<sup>2</sup>, as opposed to the equivalent 54,000 µW/cm<sup>2</sup> for the OOK modulation. Based on these results, one can see that based on a proper system design, VLC systems are able to provide impressive resilience to optical noise.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/11/5001binary frequency-shift keying modulationBFSKfrequency modulationnoise resilienceoptical communicationsoptical wireless communications |
| spellingShingle | Cătălin Beguni Adrian Done Alin-Mihai Căilean Sebastian-Andrei Avătămăniței Eduard Zadobrischi Experimental Demonstration of a Visible Light Communications System Based on Binary Frequency-Shift Keying Modulation: A New Step toward Improved Noise Resilience Sensors binary frequency-shift keying modulation BFSK frequency modulation noise resilience optical communications optical wireless communications |
| title | Experimental Demonstration of a Visible Light Communications System Based on Binary Frequency-Shift Keying Modulation: A New Step toward Improved Noise Resilience |
| title_full | Experimental Demonstration of a Visible Light Communications System Based on Binary Frequency-Shift Keying Modulation: A New Step toward Improved Noise Resilience |
| title_fullStr | Experimental Demonstration of a Visible Light Communications System Based on Binary Frequency-Shift Keying Modulation: A New Step toward Improved Noise Resilience |
| title_full_unstemmed | Experimental Demonstration of a Visible Light Communications System Based on Binary Frequency-Shift Keying Modulation: A New Step toward Improved Noise Resilience |
| title_short | Experimental Demonstration of a Visible Light Communications System Based on Binary Frequency-Shift Keying Modulation: A New Step toward Improved Noise Resilience |
| title_sort | experimental demonstration of a visible light communications system based on binary frequency shift keying modulation a new step toward improved noise resilience |
| topic | binary frequency-shift keying modulation BFSK frequency modulation noise resilience optical communications optical wireless communications |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/11/5001 |
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