Effects of Extracts Containing Metabolites of Different Cyanobacteria from an Ambient Spring (Central Europe) on Zooplankters <i>Daphnia magna</i> and Duckweed <i>Spirodela polyrhiza</i>
Toxic cyanobacterial blooms are a well-known problem in eutrophic water bodies, but cyanobacterial toxicity in ambient springs is unexplored. Therefore, we studied the toxin content and effects of two extracts obtained from epilithic and benthic microbial mats containing different algae and filament...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/24/4107 |
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| author | Magdalena Toporowska Beata Ferencz Jarosław Dawidek |
| author_facet | Magdalena Toporowska Beata Ferencz Jarosław Dawidek |
| author_sort | Magdalena Toporowska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Toxic cyanobacterial blooms are a well-known problem in eutrophic water bodies, but cyanobacterial toxicity in ambient springs is unexplored. Therefore, we studied the toxin content and effects of two extracts obtained from epilithic and benthic microbial mats containing different algae and filamentous cyanobacteria, <i>Phormidium breve</i> and <i>Oscillatoria limosa</i>, respectively, on fresh biomass, number of roots, and pigment content in duckweed <i>Spirodela polyrhiza</i> and on survivorship of <i>Daphnia magna</i> (Cladocera). Mat samples, used to prepare extracts for bioassays, were collected in the anthropogenically transformed limnocrenic Górecko spring, located (50°31′08″ N and 22°57′10″ E) in the Roztocze region (Eastern Poland). It drains an abundant aquifer built with Cretaceous sediments. Neither anatoxin-a (ANTX) nor microcystins (MCs) were detected in the extracts using HPLC techniques; however, negative effects of the extracts on tested organisms were observed. The <i>Phormidium</i> extract contained concentrations of cyanobacterial metabolites a few times higher than the <i>Oscillatoria</i> extract. In general, both extracts affected plants in a dose-dependent manner; however, the <i>Oscillatoria</i> extract influenced pigment production without a clear trend. The highest concentrations of <i>Phormidium</i> extract (<i>p</i> < 0.05) significantly decreased the number of roots and the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids in <i>S. polyrhiza</i>. The <i>Oscillatoria</i> extract caused a statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) decrease in biomass and number of roots; however, it generally positively influenced the production of pigments. The extract containing <i>O. limosa</i> metabolites was more toxic to <i>D. magna</i> than the extract containing higher amounts of metabolites of <i>P. breve</i>. Cyanobacteria inhabiting temperate springs may negatively affect hydrobionts by producing secondary metabolites other than ANTX and MCs; however, the contribution of algae cannot be excluded. Extensive research on cyanobacteria in springs, their metabolites, and their effects on living organisms should be conducted. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:43:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5c58e77c7b544cb99f405bc12845297c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:43:48Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-5c58e77c7b544cb99f405bc12845297c2023-11-24T18:43:01ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412022-12-011424410710.3390/w14244107Effects of Extracts Containing Metabolites of Different Cyanobacteria from an Ambient Spring (Central Europe) on Zooplankters <i>Daphnia magna</i> and Duckweed <i>Spirodela polyrhiza</i>Magdalena Toporowska0Beata Ferencz1Jarosław Dawidek2Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka St, 20-950 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka St, 20-950 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Hydrology and Climatology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Kraśnicka 2cd, 20-718 Lublin, PolandToxic cyanobacterial blooms are a well-known problem in eutrophic water bodies, but cyanobacterial toxicity in ambient springs is unexplored. Therefore, we studied the toxin content and effects of two extracts obtained from epilithic and benthic microbial mats containing different algae and filamentous cyanobacteria, <i>Phormidium breve</i> and <i>Oscillatoria limosa</i>, respectively, on fresh biomass, number of roots, and pigment content in duckweed <i>Spirodela polyrhiza</i> and on survivorship of <i>Daphnia magna</i> (Cladocera). Mat samples, used to prepare extracts for bioassays, were collected in the anthropogenically transformed limnocrenic Górecko spring, located (50°31′08″ N and 22°57′10″ E) in the Roztocze region (Eastern Poland). It drains an abundant aquifer built with Cretaceous sediments. Neither anatoxin-a (ANTX) nor microcystins (MCs) were detected in the extracts using HPLC techniques; however, negative effects of the extracts on tested organisms were observed. The <i>Phormidium</i> extract contained concentrations of cyanobacterial metabolites a few times higher than the <i>Oscillatoria</i> extract. In general, both extracts affected plants in a dose-dependent manner; however, the <i>Oscillatoria</i> extract influenced pigment production without a clear trend. The highest concentrations of <i>Phormidium</i> extract (<i>p</i> < 0.05) significantly decreased the number of roots and the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids in <i>S. polyrhiza</i>. The <i>Oscillatoria</i> extract caused a statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) decrease in biomass and number of roots; however, it generally positively influenced the production of pigments. The extract containing <i>O. limosa</i> metabolites was more toxic to <i>D. magna</i> than the extract containing higher amounts of metabolites of <i>P. breve</i>. Cyanobacteria inhabiting temperate springs may negatively affect hydrobionts by producing secondary metabolites other than ANTX and MCs; however, the contribution of algae cannot be excluded. Extensive research on cyanobacteria in springs, their metabolites, and their effects on living organisms should be conducted.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/24/4107toxicitylimnocrensaquatic macrophyteszooplanktonmicrocystinsanatoxin-a |
| spellingShingle | Magdalena Toporowska Beata Ferencz Jarosław Dawidek Effects of Extracts Containing Metabolites of Different Cyanobacteria from an Ambient Spring (Central Europe) on Zooplankters <i>Daphnia magna</i> and Duckweed <i>Spirodela polyrhiza</i> Water toxicity limnocrens aquatic macrophytes zooplankton microcystins anatoxin-a |
| title | Effects of Extracts Containing Metabolites of Different Cyanobacteria from an Ambient Spring (Central Europe) on Zooplankters <i>Daphnia magna</i> and Duckweed <i>Spirodela polyrhiza</i> |
| title_full | Effects of Extracts Containing Metabolites of Different Cyanobacteria from an Ambient Spring (Central Europe) on Zooplankters <i>Daphnia magna</i> and Duckweed <i>Spirodela polyrhiza</i> |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Extracts Containing Metabolites of Different Cyanobacteria from an Ambient Spring (Central Europe) on Zooplankters <i>Daphnia magna</i> and Duckweed <i>Spirodela polyrhiza</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Extracts Containing Metabolites of Different Cyanobacteria from an Ambient Spring (Central Europe) on Zooplankters <i>Daphnia magna</i> and Duckweed <i>Spirodela polyrhiza</i> |
| title_short | Effects of Extracts Containing Metabolites of Different Cyanobacteria from an Ambient Spring (Central Europe) on Zooplankters <i>Daphnia magna</i> and Duckweed <i>Spirodela polyrhiza</i> |
| title_sort | effects of extracts containing metabolites of different cyanobacteria from an ambient spring central europe on zooplankters i daphnia magna i and duckweed i spirodela polyrhiza i |
| topic | toxicity limnocrens aquatic macrophytes zooplankton microcystins anatoxin-a |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/24/4107 |
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