Assemblages and Subassemblages of Giardia duodenalis in Rural Western, Kenya: Association with Sources, Signs, and Symptoms
Background. Giardia duodenalis causes sporadic or epidemic infections in humans. The parasite comprises assemblages A-H with A and B subdivided further into AI-IV and BI-IV subassemblages. Attempts aimed at linking these genotypes with sources and gastrointestinal manifestations of the infection are...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Hindawi Limited
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Parasitology Research |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/1180217 |
| _version_ | 1797316052394180608 |
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| author | Erick Barasa Briston Indieka Nathan Shaviya Ezra Osoro Geofrey Maloba Denis Mukhongo Valentine Budambula Tom Were |
| author_facet | Erick Barasa Briston Indieka Nathan Shaviya Ezra Osoro Geofrey Maloba Denis Mukhongo Valentine Budambula Tom Were |
| author_sort | Erick Barasa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background. Giardia duodenalis causes sporadic or epidemic infections in humans. The parasite comprises assemblages A-H with A and B subdivided further into AI-IV and BI-IV subassemblages. Attempts aimed at linking these genotypes with sources and gastrointestinal manifestations of the infection are largely unexplored in rural communities. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, G. duodenalis infection was genotyped and associated with sources, and gastrointestinal signs and symptoms of the disease among residents of Busia County, a rural setting in western Kenya. Demographic and clinical information were captured using standardized forms. Stool specimens were obtained from the patients and used for genotyping at glutamate dehydrogenase and triose-phosphate isomerase loci using the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results. Assemblage B (63.6%) was the most prevalent G. duodenalis infection, while A (20.5%) and mixed A/B (15.9%) were also detected. Among the subassemblages, AI (5.7%), AII (8.0%), AIII (3.4), BIII (30.7%), and BIV (17.0%) were diagnosed including the mixed AII/BIII (15.9%), BIII/BIV (15.9%), AI/AIII (2.3%), and AI/AII (1.1%) infections. Binary logistic regression indicated associations for assemblage A with stomach upset, history of nitroimidazole treatment, and residing in a homestead with cattle and B with age<18 years, history of eating outdoors, vomiting, steatorrhea, and residing in a homestead with cattle, goats, and poultry (p<0.05 for all). Among the subassemblages, associations were found for AI with residing in a homestead having cattle and history of nitroimidazole treatment, BIII with residing in a homestead having cattle and poultry, and BIV with steatorrhea (p<0.05 for all). Altogether, this study illustrates that G. duodenalis assemblage B and subassemblage BIII are the most predominant and are linked to age<18 years, gastrointestinal manifestations, and living in a homestead with domestic ruminants and poultry. Conclusion. Targeted mass prophylactic treatment of domestic animals and utilization of gastrointestinal presentations, age<18 years, and a history of nitroimidazole use are useful in the diagnosis and prevention of giardiasis among residents of rural communities. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T03:13:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5c7091b000cc4e52982f9a28f2efee91 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2090-0031 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T03:13:43Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | Hindawi Limited |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Parasitology Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-5c7091b000cc4e52982f9a28f2efee912024-02-13T00:00:01ZengHindawi LimitedJournal of Parasitology Research2090-00312024-01-01202410.1155/2024/1180217Assemblages and Subassemblages of Giardia duodenalis in Rural Western, Kenya: Association with Sources, Signs, and SymptomsErick Barasa0Briston Indieka1Nathan Shaviya2Ezra Osoro3Geofrey Maloba4Denis Mukhongo5Valentine Budambula6Tom Were7Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesDepartment of Biomedical Science and TechnologyDepartment of Medical Laboratory SciencesDepartment of Medical BiochemistryDepartment of Medical BiochemistryDepartment of Biological SciencesDepartment of Environment and HealthDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Human PathologyBackground. Giardia duodenalis causes sporadic or epidemic infections in humans. The parasite comprises assemblages A-H with A and B subdivided further into AI-IV and BI-IV subassemblages. Attempts aimed at linking these genotypes with sources and gastrointestinal manifestations of the infection are largely unexplored in rural communities. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, G. duodenalis infection was genotyped and associated with sources, and gastrointestinal signs and symptoms of the disease among residents of Busia County, a rural setting in western Kenya. Demographic and clinical information were captured using standardized forms. Stool specimens were obtained from the patients and used for genotyping at glutamate dehydrogenase and triose-phosphate isomerase loci using the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results. Assemblage B (63.6%) was the most prevalent G. duodenalis infection, while A (20.5%) and mixed A/B (15.9%) were also detected. Among the subassemblages, AI (5.7%), AII (8.0%), AIII (3.4), BIII (30.7%), and BIV (17.0%) were diagnosed including the mixed AII/BIII (15.9%), BIII/BIV (15.9%), AI/AIII (2.3%), and AI/AII (1.1%) infections. Binary logistic regression indicated associations for assemblage A with stomach upset, history of nitroimidazole treatment, and residing in a homestead with cattle and B with age<18 years, history of eating outdoors, vomiting, steatorrhea, and residing in a homestead with cattle, goats, and poultry (p<0.05 for all). Among the subassemblages, associations were found for AI with residing in a homestead having cattle and history of nitroimidazole treatment, BIII with residing in a homestead having cattle and poultry, and BIV with steatorrhea (p<0.05 for all). Altogether, this study illustrates that G. duodenalis assemblage B and subassemblage BIII are the most predominant and are linked to age<18 years, gastrointestinal manifestations, and living in a homestead with domestic ruminants and poultry. Conclusion. Targeted mass prophylactic treatment of domestic animals and utilization of gastrointestinal presentations, age<18 years, and a history of nitroimidazole use are useful in the diagnosis and prevention of giardiasis among residents of rural communities.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/1180217 |
| spellingShingle | Erick Barasa Briston Indieka Nathan Shaviya Ezra Osoro Geofrey Maloba Denis Mukhongo Valentine Budambula Tom Were Assemblages and Subassemblages of Giardia duodenalis in Rural Western, Kenya: Association with Sources, Signs, and Symptoms Journal of Parasitology Research |
| title | Assemblages and Subassemblages of Giardia duodenalis in Rural Western, Kenya: Association with Sources, Signs, and Symptoms |
| title_full | Assemblages and Subassemblages of Giardia duodenalis in Rural Western, Kenya: Association with Sources, Signs, and Symptoms |
| title_fullStr | Assemblages and Subassemblages of Giardia duodenalis in Rural Western, Kenya: Association with Sources, Signs, and Symptoms |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assemblages and Subassemblages of Giardia duodenalis in Rural Western, Kenya: Association with Sources, Signs, and Symptoms |
| title_short | Assemblages and Subassemblages of Giardia duodenalis in Rural Western, Kenya: Association with Sources, Signs, and Symptoms |
| title_sort | assemblages and subassemblages of giardia duodenalis in rural western kenya association with sources signs and symptoms |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/1180217 |
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