The Potential of Widespread UAV Cameras in the Identification of Conifers and the Delineation of Their Crowns
With the ever-improving advances in computer vision and Earth observation capabilities, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) allow extensive forest inventory and the description of stand structure indirectly. We performed several flights with different UAVs and popular sensors over two sites with conifer...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Forests |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/5/710 |
| _version_ | 1797499836200648704 |
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| author | Jan Komárek Petr Klápště Karel Hrach Tomáš Klouček |
| author_facet | Jan Komárek Petr Klápště Karel Hrach Tomáš Klouček |
| author_sort | Jan Komárek |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | With the ever-improving advances in computer vision and Earth observation capabilities, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) allow extensive forest inventory and the description of stand structure indirectly. We performed several flights with different UAVs and popular sensors over two sites with coniferous forests of various ages and flight levels using the custom settings preset by solution suppliers. The data were processed using image-matching techniques, yielding digital surface models, which were further analyzed using the lidR package in R. Consumer-grade RGB cameras were consistently more successful in the identification of individual trees at all of the flight levels (84–77% for Phantom 4), compared to the success of multispectral cameras, which decreased with higher flight levels and smaller crowns (77–54% for RedEdge-M). Regarding the accuracy of the measured crown diameters, RGB cameras yielded satisfactory results (Mean Absolute Error—MAE of 0.79–0.99 m and 0.88–1.16 m for Phantom 4 and Zenmuse X5S, respectively); multispectral cameras overestimated the height, especially in the full-grown forests (MAE = 1.26–1.77 m). We conclude that widely used low-cost RGB cameras yield very satisfactory results for the description of the structural forest information at a 150 m flight altitude. When (multi)spectral information is needed, we recommend reducing the flight level to 100 m in order to acquire sufficient structural forest information. The study contributes to the current knowledge by directly comparing widely used consumer-grade UAV cameras and providing a clear elementary workflow for inexperienced users, thus helping entry-level users with the initial steps and supporting the usability of such data in practice. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:53:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5c745e889d2f4a0ba0367997fe3938ed |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4907 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:53:09Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Forests |
| spelling | doaj.art-5c745e889d2f4a0ba0367997fe3938ed2023-11-23T11:01:36ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072022-04-0113571010.3390/f13050710The Potential of Widespread UAV Cameras in the Identification of Conifers and the Delineation of Their CrownsJan Komárek0Petr Klápště1Karel Hrach2Tomáš Klouček3Department of Spatial Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Spatial Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Spatial Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Spatial Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech RepublicWith the ever-improving advances in computer vision and Earth observation capabilities, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) allow extensive forest inventory and the description of stand structure indirectly. We performed several flights with different UAVs and popular sensors over two sites with coniferous forests of various ages and flight levels using the custom settings preset by solution suppliers. The data were processed using image-matching techniques, yielding digital surface models, which were further analyzed using the lidR package in R. Consumer-grade RGB cameras were consistently more successful in the identification of individual trees at all of the flight levels (84–77% for Phantom 4), compared to the success of multispectral cameras, which decreased with higher flight levels and smaller crowns (77–54% for RedEdge-M). Regarding the accuracy of the measured crown diameters, RGB cameras yielded satisfactory results (Mean Absolute Error—MAE of 0.79–0.99 m and 0.88–1.16 m for Phantom 4 and Zenmuse X5S, respectively); multispectral cameras overestimated the height, especially in the full-grown forests (MAE = 1.26–1.77 m). We conclude that widely used low-cost RGB cameras yield very satisfactory results for the description of the structural forest information at a 150 m flight altitude. When (multi)spectral information is needed, we recommend reducing the flight level to 100 m in order to acquire sufficient structural forest information. The study contributes to the current knowledge by directly comparing widely used consumer-grade UAV cameras and providing a clear elementary workflow for inexperienced users, thus helping entry-level users with the initial steps and supporting the usability of such data in practice.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/5/710low-altitude aerial surveyunmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)lidR packagetree countingtree crown sizecamera suppliers’ settings |
| spellingShingle | Jan Komárek Petr Klápště Karel Hrach Tomáš Klouček The Potential of Widespread UAV Cameras in the Identification of Conifers and the Delineation of Their Crowns Forests low-altitude aerial survey unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) lidR package tree counting tree crown size camera suppliers’ settings |
| title | The Potential of Widespread UAV Cameras in the Identification of Conifers and the Delineation of Their Crowns |
| title_full | The Potential of Widespread UAV Cameras in the Identification of Conifers and the Delineation of Their Crowns |
| title_fullStr | The Potential of Widespread UAV Cameras in the Identification of Conifers and the Delineation of Their Crowns |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Potential of Widespread UAV Cameras in the Identification of Conifers and the Delineation of Their Crowns |
| title_short | The Potential of Widespread UAV Cameras in the Identification of Conifers and the Delineation of Their Crowns |
| title_sort | potential of widespread uav cameras in the identification of conifers and the delineation of their crowns |
| topic | low-altitude aerial survey unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) lidR package tree counting tree crown size camera suppliers’ settings |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/5/710 |
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