Porphyromonas gingivalis in Periodontitis: A Forgotten Enemy Behind COVID-19 Pandemic
Introduction: Theories or hypotheses regarding the connection between COVID-19 and periodontal disease are increasing during the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 has been reported to have adverse outcomes related to the establishment of a cytokine storm, which is similar to the cytokine expression profil...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Dental Hypotheses |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.dentalhypotheses.com/article.asp?issn=2155-8213;year=2021;volume=12;issue=1;spage=28;epage=35;aulast=Utomo |
| _version_ | 1818874240759234560 |
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| author | Haryono Utomo I Komang Evan Wijaksana Chiquita Prahasanti |
| author_facet | Haryono Utomo I Komang Evan Wijaksana Chiquita Prahasanti |
| author_sort | Haryono Utomo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction: Theories or hypotheses regarding the connection between COVID-19 and periodontal disease are increasing during the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 has been reported to have adverse outcomes related to the establishment of a cytokine storm, which is similar to the cytokine expression profile and cells involved in periodontitis. Nevertheless, the exact etiology why cytokine storm is vulnerable in COVID-19 as well as periodontitis still not clearly understood. The hypothesis: Recently, the phenomenon of angry macrophages can be explained by M1/M2 macrophage polarization. Periodontitis patients that harbored Porphyromonas gingivalis have a greater M1/M2 ratio than healthy patients, thus have more active M1 macrophages that produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. We hypothesize that periodontal disease could be a burden in defense mechanism toward infectious diseases, particularly the COVID-19. Evaluation of the Hypothesis: Endotoxin tolerance caused by P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharides shifts immune response from T helper (Th)-1 toward Th2, which leads to a less effective antivirus system. This mechanism may explain the connection between COVID-19 and periodontal disease through their cytokine profiles, microbial balance, and M1/M2 homeostasis. Recommendation for maintenance of oral hygiene and periodontal treatment is mandatory in the COVID era. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-19T13:07:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5cb8d5d85c9c47f18939ef77a091316e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2155-8213 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T13:07:28Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Dental Hypotheses |
| spelling | doaj.art-5cb8d5d85c9c47f18939ef77a091316e2022-12-21T20:20:00ZengWolters Kluwer Medknow PublicationsDental Hypotheses2155-82132021-01-01121283510.4103/denthyp.denthyp_95_20Porphyromonas gingivalis in Periodontitis: A Forgotten Enemy Behind COVID-19 PandemicHaryono UtomoI Komang Evan WijaksanaChiquita PrahasantiIntroduction: Theories or hypotheses regarding the connection between COVID-19 and periodontal disease are increasing during the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 has been reported to have adverse outcomes related to the establishment of a cytokine storm, which is similar to the cytokine expression profile and cells involved in periodontitis. Nevertheless, the exact etiology why cytokine storm is vulnerable in COVID-19 as well as periodontitis still not clearly understood. The hypothesis: Recently, the phenomenon of angry macrophages can be explained by M1/M2 macrophage polarization. Periodontitis patients that harbored Porphyromonas gingivalis have a greater M1/M2 ratio than healthy patients, thus have more active M1 macrophages that produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. We hypothesize that periodontal disease could be a burden in defense mechanism toward infectious diseases, particularly the COVID-19. Evaluation of the Hypothesis: Endotoxin tolerance caused by P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharides shifts immune response from T helper (Th)-1 toward Th2, which leads to a less effective antivirus system. This mechanism may explain the connection between COVID-19 and periodontal disease through their cytokine profiles, microbial balance, and M1/M2 homeostasis. Recommendation for maintenance of oral hygiene and periodontal treatment is mandatory in the COVID era.http://www.dentalhypotheses.com/article.asp?issn=2155-8213;year=2021;volume=12;issue=1;spage=28;epage=35;aulast=Utomocovid-19macrophage polarizationperiodontitisporphyromonas gingivalisth1/th2 |
| spellingShingle | Haryono Utomo I Komang Evan Wijaksana Chiquita Prahasanti Porphyromonas gingivalis in Periodontitis: A Forgotten Enemy Behind COVID-19 Pandemic Dental Hypotheses covid-19 macrophage polarization periodontitis porphyromonas gingivalis th1/th2 |
| title | Porphyromonas gingivalis in Periodontitis: A Forgotten Enemy Behind COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_full | Porphyromonas gingivalis in Periodontitis: A Forgotten Enemy Behind COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_fullStr | Porphyromonas gingivalis in Periodontitis: A Forgotten Enemy Behind COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_full_unstemmed | Porphyromonas gingivalis in Periodontitis: A Forgotten Enemy Behind COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_short | Porphyromonas gingivalis in Periodontitis: A Forgotten Enemy Behind COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_sort | porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis a forgotten enemy behind covid 19 pandemic |
| topic | covid-19 macrophage polarization periodontitis porphyromonas gingivalis th1/th2 |
| url | http://www.dentalhypotheses.com/article.asp?issn=2155-8213;year=2021;volume=12;issue=1;spage=28;epage=35;aulast=Utomo |
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