AFM-nanoSIMS correlative microscopy on multiphase elastomeric systems: Nanomechanical properties and elemental distribution at the nanoscale
The co-vulcanization of immiscible blends composed of two or more chemically different elastomers can lead to the formation of materials with uneven distribution of cross-links and different cross-linked structures. This is consequence of the competition between the vulcanization processes occurring...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Polymer Testing |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142941823000764 |
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| author | João P. Cosas Fernandes Carlos E. Federico Esther Lentzen Nathalie Valle Beatriz Basterra-Beroiz Marc Weydert Robert Quintana |
| author_facet | João P. Cosas Fernandes Carlos E. Federico Esther Lentzen Nathalie Valle Beatriz Basterra-Beroiz Marc Weydert Robert Quintana |
| author_sort | João P. Cosas Fernandes |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The co-vulcanization of immiscible blends composed of two or more chemically different elastomers can lead to the formation of materials with uneven distribution of cross-links and different cross-linked structures. This is consequence of the competition between the vulcanization processes occurring in each phase. The solubility preferences of the vulcanization agents in each of the elastomers and the different rates they can be consumed in each phase are the main factors governing the phase-specific properties of these cured materials. To track the localization of curatives in immiscible elastomeric blends composed of polyisoprene (PI) and polybutadiene (BR), we combine atomic force microscopy (AFM) and high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (nanoSIMS) imaging in co-localized analyses. The similar contrasts obtained allow for the superposition of topographic, nanomechanical and elemental chemical information in areas down to 5 × 5 μm2. Phase-specific properties can be directly correlated to the local sulfur content, reflecting the increasing cross-link density in each phase according to the vulcanization agents and amounts used. Results show that sulfur tends to be located in the BR phase of the blends and its local concentration can be enhanced by increasing the accelerator content, in accordance with estimations based on the Hansen solubility parameters. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-09T20:05:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5cda37ee0ace4cb8bdf3d2b51e32bb4c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0142-9418 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-09T20:05:18Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymer Testing |
| spelling | doaj.art-5cda37ee0ace4cb8bdf3d2b51e32bb4c2023-04-02T06:11:32ZengElsevierPolymer Testing0142-94182023-04-01121107996AFM-nanoSIMS correlative microscopy on multiphase elastomeric systems: Nanomechanical properties and elemental distribution at the nanoscaleJoão P. Cosas Fernandes0Carlos E. Federico1Esther Lentzen2Nathalie Valle3Beatriz Basterra-Beroiz4Marc Weydert5Robert Quintana6Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Corresponding author.Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, LuxembourgLuxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, LuxembourgLuxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, LuxembourgGoodyear Innovation Center Luxembourg, L-7750, Colmar-Berg, LuxembourgGoodyear Innovation Center Luxembourg, L-7750, Colmar-Berg, LuxembourgLuxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Corresponding author.The co-vulcanization of immiscible blends composed of two or more chemically different elastomers can lead to the formation of materials with uneven distribution of cross-links and different cross-linked structures. This is consequence of the competition between the vulcanization processes occurring in each phase. The solubility preferences of the vulcanization agents in each of the elastomers and the different rates they can be consumed in each phase are the main factors governing the phase-specific properties of these cured materials. To track the localization of curatives in immiscible elastomeric blends composed of polyisoprene (PI) and polybutadiene (BR), we combine atomic force microscopy (AFM) and high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (nanoSIMS) imaging in co-localized analyses. The similar contrasts obtained allow for the superposition of topographic, nanomechanical and elemental chemical information in areas down to 5 × 5 μm2. Phase-specific properties can be directly correlated to the local sulfur content, reflecting the increasing cross-link density in each phase according to the vulcanization agents and amounts used. Results show that sulfur tends to be located in the BR phase of the blends and its local concentration can be enhanced by increasing the accelerator content, in accordance with estimations based on the Hansen solubility parameters.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142941823000764RubberPolymer blendsMaterial testingNanomechanical propertiesSulfur distribution |
| spellingShingle | João P. Cosas Fernandes Carlos E. Federico Esther Lentzen Nathalie Valle Beatriz Basterra-Beroiz Marc Weydert Robert Quintana AFM-nanoSIMS correlative microscopy on multiphase elastomeric systems: Nanomechanical properties and elemental distribution at the nanoscale Polymer Testing Rubber Polymer blends Material testing Nanomechanical properties Sulfur distribution |
| title | AFM-nanoSIMS correlative microscopy on multiphase elastomeric systems: Nanomechanical properties and elemental distribution at the nanoscale |
| title_full | AFM-nanoSIMS correlative microscopy on multiphase elastomeric systems: Nanomechanical properties and elemental distribution at the nanoscale |
| title_fullStr | AFM-nanoSIMS correlative microscopy on multiphase elastomeric systems: Nanomechanical properties and elemental distribution at the nanoscale |
| title_full_unstemmed | AFM-nanoSIMS correlative microscopy on multiphase elastomeric systems: Nanomechanical properties and elemental distribution at the nanoscale |
| title_short | AFM-nanoSIMS correlative microscopy on multiphase elastomeric systems: Nanomechanical properties and elemental distribution at the nanoscale |
| title_sort | afm nanosims correlative microscopy on multiphase elastomeric systems nanomechanical properties and elemental distribution at the nanoscale |
| topic | Rubber Polymer blends Material testing Nanomechanical properties Sulfur distribution |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142941823000764 |
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