The Molecular Basis of Viral Inhibition of IRF- and STAT-Dependent Immune Responses
The antiviral innate immunity is the first line of host defense against virus infections. In mammalian cells, viral infections initiate the expression of interferons (IFNs) in the host that in turn activate an antiviral defense program to restrict viral replications by induction of IFN stimulated ge...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2019-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2018.03086/full |
| _version_ | 1818336548943298560 |
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| author | Hao-Sen Chiang Hao-Sen Chiang Helene Minyi Liu |
| author_facet | Hao-Sen Chiang Hao-Sen Chiang Helene Minyi Liu |
| author_sort | Hao-Sen Chiang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The antiviral innate immunity is the first line of host defense against virus infections. In mammalian cells, viral infections initiate the expression of interferons (IFNs) in the host that in turn activate an antiviral defense program to restrict viral replications by induction of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs), which are largely regulated by the IFN-regulatory factor (IRF) family and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family transcription factors. The mechanisms of action of IRFs and STATs involve several post-translational modifications, complex formation, and nuclear translocation of these transcription factors. However, many viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV), have evolved strategies to evade host defense, including alteration in IRF and STAT post-translational modifications, disturbing the formation and nuclear translocation of the transcription complexes as well as proteolysis/degradation of IRFs and STATs. In this review, we discuss and summarize the molecular mechanisms by which how viral components may target IRFs and STATs to antagonize the establishment of antiviral host defense. The underlying host-viral interactions determine the outcome of viral infection. Gaining mechanistic insight into these processes will be crucial in understanding how viral replication can be more effectively controlled and in developing approaches to improve virus infection outcomes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-13T14:41:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5cf2150d74ef4eeea1678d03c678627e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-13T14:41:05Z |
| publishDate | 2019-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-5cf2150d74ef4eeea1678d03c678627e2022-12-21T23:41:36ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242019-01-01910.3389/fimmu.2018.03086422992The Molecular Basis of Viral Inhibition of IRF- and STAT-Dependent Immune ResponsesHao-Sen Chiang0Hao-Sen Chiang1Helene Minyi Liu2Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, TaiwanGenome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, TaiwanGraduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, TaiwanThe antiviral innate immunity is the first line of host defense against virus infections. In mammalian cells, viral infections initiate the expression of interferons (IFNs) in the host that in turn activate an antiviral defense program to restrict viral replications by induction of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs), which are largely regulated by the IFN-regulatory factor (IRF) family and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family transcription factors. The mechanisms of action of IRFs and STATs involve several post-translational modifications, complex formation, and nuclear translocation of these transcription factors. However, many viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV), have evolved strategies to evade host defense, including alteration in IRF and STAT post-translational modifications, disturbing the formation and nuclear translocation of the transcription complexes as well as proteolysis/degradation of IRFs and STATs. In this review, we discuss and summarize the molecular mechanisms by which how viral components may target IRFs and STATs to antagonize the establishment of antiviral host defense. The underlying host-viral interactions determine the outcome of viral infection. Gaining mechanistic insight into these processes will be crucial in understanding how viral replication can be more effectively controlled and in developing approaches to improve virus infection outcomes.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2018.03086/fullinterferoninterferon-regulatory factorsignal transducer and activator of transcription signalinginterferon-stimulated geneantiviral responseviral attenuation |
| spellingShingle | Hao-Sen Chiang Hao-Sen Chiang Helene Minyi Liu The Molecular Basis of Viral Inhibition of IRF- and STAT-Dependent Immune Responses Frontiers in Immunology interferon interferon-regulatory factor signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling interferon-stimulated gene antiviral response viral attenuation |
| title | The Molecular Basis of Viral Inhibition of IRF- and STAT-Dependent Immune Responses |
| title_full | The Molecular Basis of Viral Inhibition of IRF- and STAT-Dependent Immune Responses |
| title_fullStr | The Molecular Basis of Viral Inhibition of IRF- and STAT-Dependent Immune Responses |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Molecular Basis of Viral Inhibition of IRF- and STAT-Dependent Immune Responses |
| title_short | The Molecular Basis of Viral Inhibition of IRF- and STAT-Dependent Immune Responses |
| title_sort | molecular basis of viral inhibition of irf and stat dependent immune responses |
| topic | interferon interferon-regulatory factor signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling interferon-stimulated gene antiviral response viral attenuation |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2018.03086/full |
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