Hydrochemical Characteristics and Quality Assessment of Shallow Groundwater in the Xinzhou Basin, Shanxi, North China
The hydrochemistry and quality of local shallow groundwater was assessed within the Xinzhou basin in Shanxi, North China. Piper diagrams, correlation analysis, principal component analysis, chloro-alkaline indices, ion proportion diagrams, and Gibbs diagrams were used to reveal the hydrochemical cha...
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/14/1993 |
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| author | Guanyin Shuai Jingli Shao Yali Cui Qiulan Zhang Yuntong Guo |
| author_facet | Guanyin Shuai Jingli Shao Yali Cui Qiulan Zhang Yuntong Guo |
| author_sort | Guanyin Shuai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The hydrochemistry and quality of local shallow groundwater was assessed within the Xinzhou basin in Shanxi, North China. Piper diagrams, correlation analysis, principal component analysis, chloro-alkaline indices, ion proportion diagrams, and Gibbs diagrams were used to reveal the hydrochemical characteristics and evolution mechanisms of groundwater. Besides, two indicators of sodium adsorption ratio and soluble sodium percentage, USSL and Wilcox diagrams, and water quality index models were used to evaluate the groundwater quality for irrigation and drinking. In general, groundwater in most areas of the basin is fresh water with total dissolved solid lower than 1000 mg/L. But there are salt water in some parts of the southern basin, with total dissolved solid higher than 1000 mg/L, due to industrial and domestic pollution. The hydrochemical facies of groundwater in most areas are HCO<sub>3</sub>-Ca and mixed HCO<sub>3</sub>-Ca·Mg·Na types, while it is HCO<sub>3</sub>·SO<sub>4</sub>·Cl-Na type in a small part of the basin. Nitrate pollution widely occurred in the basin because of the use of nitrogenous fertilizers. The dominant mechanism controlling the evolution of groundwater chemistry compositions was the weathering of rock minerals. It mainly reflected in the dissolution of carbonate minerals. And the carbonate dissolution is the major origins of HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, and Mg<sup>2+</sup> in groundwater. However, Na-Ca exchange is the important source of Na<sup>+</sup>. Shallow groundwater was suitable for irrigation and drinking except for some southern parts of the basin. These results will be helpful for the protection and efficient management of groundwater in the Xinzhou basin. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:19:45Z |
| format | Article |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:19:45Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-5cfab95043934060a4d0806719ed67c82023-11-22T05:17:31ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412021-07-011314199310.3390/w13141993Hydrochemical Characteristics and Quality Assessment of Shallow Groundwater in the Xinzhou Basin, Shanxi, North ChinaGuanyin Shuai0Jingli Shao1Yali Cui2Qiulan Zhang3Yuntong Guo4School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, ChinaSchool of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, ChinaSchool of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, ChinaSchool of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, ChinaSchool of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, ChinaThe hydrochemistry and quality of local shallow groundwater was assessed within the Xinzhou basin in Shanxi, North China. Piper diagrams, correlation analysis, principal component analysis, chloro-alkaline indices, ion proportion diagrams, and Gibbs diagrams were used to reveal the hydrochemical characteristics and evolution mechanisms of groundwater. Besides, two indicators of sodium adsorption ratio and soluble sodium percentage, USSL and Wilcox diagrams, and water quality index models were used to evaluate the groundwater quality for irrigation and drinking. In general, groundwater in most areas of the basin is fresh water with total dissolved solid lower than 1000 mg/L. But there are salt water in some parts of the southern basin, with total dissolved solid higher than 1000 mg/L, due to industrial and domestic pollution. The hydrochemical facies of groundwater in most areas are HCO<sub>3</sub>-Ca and mixed HCO<sub>3</sub>-Ca·Mg·Na types, while it is HCO<sub>3</sub>·SO<sub>4</sub>·Cl-Na type in a small part of the basin. Nitrate pollution widely occurred in the basin because of the use of nitrogenous fertilizers. The dominant mechanism controlling the evolution of groundwater chemistry compositions was the weathering of rock minerals. It mainly reflected in the dissolution of carbonate minerals. And the carbonate dissolution is the major origins of HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, and Mg<sup>2+</sup> in groundwater. However, Na-Ca exchange is the important source of Na<sup>+</sup>. Shallow groundwater was suitable for irrigation and drinking except for some southern parts of the basin. These results will be helpful for the protection and efficient management of groundwater in the Xinzhou basin.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/14/1993hydrochemical characteristicssources of main ionsgroundwater evolutionnitrate pollutionwater quality assessment |
| spellingShingle | Guanyin Shuai Jingli Shao Yali Cui Qiulan Zhang Yuntong Guo Hydrochemical Characteristics and Quality Assessment of Shallow Groundwater in the Xinzhou Basin, Shanxi, North China Water hydrochemical characteristics sources of main ions groundwater evolution nitrate pollution water quality assessment |
| title | Hydrochemical Characteristics and Quality Assessment of Shallow Groundwater in the Xinzhou Basin, Shanxi, North China |
| title_full | Hydrochemical Characteristics and Quality Assessment of Shallow Groundwater in the Xinzhou Basin, Shanxi, North China |
| title_fullStr | Hydrochemical Characteristics and Quality Assessment of Shallow Groundwater in the Xinzhou Basin, Shanxi, North China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hydrochemical Characteristics and Quality Assessment of Shallow Groundwater in the Xinzhou Basin, Shanxi, North China |
| title_short | Hydrochemical Characteristics and Quality Assessment of Shallow Groundwater in the Xinzhou Basin, Shanxi, North China |
| title_sort | hydrochemical characteristics and quality assessment of shallow groundwater in the xinzhou basin shanxi north china |
| topic | hydrochemical characteristics sources of main ions groundwater evolution nitrate pollution water quality assessment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/14/1993 |
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