Cyanidin 3-<i>O</i>-galactoside: A Natural Compound with Multiple Health Benefits
Cyanidin 3-<i>O</i>-galactoside (Cy3Gal) is one of the most widespread anthocyanins that positively impacts the health of animals and humans. Since it is available from a wide range of natural sources, such as fruits (apples and berries in particular), substantial studies were performed...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/5/2261 |
| _version_ | 1797395366259195904 |
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| author | Zhongxin Liang Hongrui Liang Yizhan Guo Dong Yang |
| author_facet | Zhongxin Liang Hongrui Liang Yizhan Guo Dong Yang |
| author_sort | Zhongxin Liang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cyanidin 3-<i>O</i>-galactoside (Cy3Gal) is one of the most widespread anthocyanins that positively impacts the health of animals and humans. Since it is available from a wide range of natural sources, such as fruits (apples and berries in particular), substantial studies were performed to investigate its biosynthesis, chemical stability, natural occurrences and content, extraction methods, physiological functions, as well as potential applications. In this review, we focus on presenting the previous studies on the abovementioned aspects of Cy3Gal. As a conclusion, Cy3Gal shares a common biosynthesis pathway and analogous stability with other anthocyanins. Galactosyltransferase utilizing uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-galactose) and cyanidin as substrates is unique for Cy3Gal biosynthesis. Extraction employing different methods reveals chokeberry as the most practical natural source for mass-production of this compound. The antioxidant properties and other health effects, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-toxicity, cardiovascular, and nervous protective capacities, are highlighted in purified Cy3Gal and in its combination with other polyphenols. These unique properties of Cy3Gal are discussed and compared with other anthocyanins with related structure for an in-depth evaluation of its potential value as food additives or health supplement. Emphasis is laid on the description of its physiological functions confirmed via various approaches. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T00:34:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5d360c71b10049f7b003a3a5f19745d5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T00:34:31Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-5d360c71b10049f7b003a3a5f19745d52023-12-11T18:17:52ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-02-01225226110.3390/ijms22052261Cyanidin 3-<i>O</i>-galactoside: A Natural Compound with Multiple Health BenefitsZhongxin Liang0Hongrui Liang1Yizhan Guo2Dong Yang3Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaCyanidin 3-<i>O</i>-galactoside (Cy3Gal) is one of the most widespread anthocyanins that positively impacts the health of animals and humans. Since it is available from a wide range of natural sources, such as fruits (apples and berries in particular), substantial studies were performed to investigate its biosynthesis, chemical stability, natural occurrences and content, extraction methods, physiological functions, as well as potential applications. In this review, we focus on presenting the previous studies on the abovementioned aspects of Cy3Gal. As a conclusion, Cy3Gal shares a common biosynthesis pathway and analogous stability with other anthocyanins. Galactosyltransferase utilizing uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-galactose) and cyanidin as substrates is unique for Cy3Gal biosynthesis. Extraction employing different methods reveals chokeberry as the most practical natural source for mass-production of this compound. The antioxidant properties and other health effects, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-toxicity, cardiovascular, and nervous protective capacities, are highlighted in purified Cy3Gal and in its combination with other polyphenols. These unique properties of Cy3Gal are discussed and compared with other anthocyanins with related structure for an in-depth evaluation of its potential value as food additives or health supplement. Emphasis is laid on the description of its physiological functions confirmed via various approaches.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/5/2261anthocyanin biosynthesisgalactosyltransferasephysiological functions |
| spellingShingle | Zhongxin Liang Hongrui Liang Yizhan Guo Dong Yang Cyanidin 3-<i>O</i>-galactoside: A Natural Compound with Multiple Health Benefits International Journal of Molecular Sciences anthocyanin biosynthesis galactosyltransferase physiological functions |
| title | Cyanidin 3-<i>O</i>-galactoside: A Natural Compound with Multiple Health Benefits |
| title_full | Cyanidin 3-<i>O</i>-galactoside: A Natural Compound with Multiple Health Benefits |
| title_fullStr | Cyanidin 3-<i>O</i>-galactoside: A Natural Compound with Multiple Health Benefits |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cyanidin 3-<i>O</i>-galactoside: A Natural Compound with Multiple Health Benefits |
| title_short | Cyanidin 3-<i>O</i>-galactoside: A Natural Compound with Multiple Health Benefits |
| title_sort | cyanidin 3 i o i galactoside a natural compound with multiple health benefits |
| topic | anthocyanin biosynthesis galactosyltransferase physiological functions |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/5/2261 |
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