The Inhibitory Activity of Anthraquinones against Pathogenic Protozoa, Bacteria, and Fungi and the Relationship to Structure
Plant-derived anthraquinones were evaluated in cell assays for their inhibitory activities against the parasitic protozoa <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i> human strain G3 that causes the sexually transmitted disease trichomoniasis in women, <i>Tritrichomonas foetus</i> bovine str...
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2020-07-01
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author | Mendel Friedman Alexander Xu Rani Lee Daniel N. Nguyen Tina A. Phan Sabrina M. Hamada Rima Panchel Christina C. Tam Jong H. Kim Luisa W. Cheng Kirkwood M. Land |
author_facet | Mendel Friedman Alexander Xu Rani Lee Daniel N. Nguyen Tina A. Phan Sabrina M. Hamada Rima Panchel Christina C. Tam Jong H. Kim Luisa W. Cheng Kirkwood M. Land |
author_sort | Mendel Friedman |
collection | DOAJ |
description | Plant-derived anthraquinones were evaluated in cell assays for their inhibitory activities against the parasitic protozoa <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i> human strain G3 that causes the sexually transmitted disease trichomoniasis in women, <i>Tritrichomonas foetus</i> bovine strain D1 that causes sexually transmitted diseases in farm animals (bulls, cows, and pigs), <i>Tritrichomonas foetus</i>-like strain C1 that causes diarrhea in domestic animals (cats and dogs), and bacteria and fungi. The anthraquinones assessed for their inhibitory activity were anthraquinone, aloe-emodin (1,8-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethylanthraquinone), anthrarufin (1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone), chrysazin (1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone), emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone), purpurin (1,2,4-trihydroxyanthraquinone), and rhein (1,8-dihydroxy-3-carboxyanthraquinone). Their activities were determined in terms of IC<sub>50</sub> values, defined as the concentration that inhibits 50% of the cells under the test conditions and calculated from linear dose response plots for the parasitic protozoa, and zone of inhibition for bacteria and fungi, respectively. The results show that the different substituents on the anthraquinone ring seem to influence the relative potency. Analysis of the structure–activity relationships in protozoa indicates that the aloe-emodin and chrysazin with the highest biological activities merit further study for their potential to help treat the diseases in women and domestic and farm animals. Emodin also exhibited antifungal activity against <i>Candida albicans</i>. The suggested mechanism of action and the additional reported beneficial biological properties of anthraquinones suggest that they have the potential to ameliorate a broad spectrum of human diseases. |
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spelling | doaj.art-5d3d2353e1124f50901f5cdf900a591e2023-11-20T06:06:27ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492020-07-012513310110.3390/molecules25133101The Inhibitory Activity of Anthraquinones against Pathogenic Protozoa, Bacteria, and Fungi and the Relationship to StructureMendel Friedman0Alexander Xu1Rani Lee2Daniel N. Nguyen3Tina A. Phan4Sabrina M. Hamada5Rima Panchel6Christina C. Tam7Jong H. Kim8Luisa W. Cheng9Kirkwood M. Land10Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USAFoodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USAFoodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USAFoodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USAPlant-derived anthraquinones were evaluated in cell assays for their inhibitory activities against the parasitic protozoa <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i> human strain G3 that causes the sexually transmitted disease trichomoniasis in women, <i>Tritrichomonas foetus</i> bovine strain D1 that causes sexually transmitted diseases in farm animals (bulls, cows, and pigs), <i>Tritrichomonas foetus</i>-like strain C1 that causes diarrhea in domestic animals (cats and dogs), and bacteria and fungi. The anthraquinones assessed for their inhibitory activity were anthraquinone, aloe-emodin (1,8-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethylanthraquinone), anthrarufin (1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone), chrysazin (1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone), emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone), purpurin (1,2,4-trihydroxyanthraquinone), and rhein (1,8-dihydroxy-3-carboxyanthraquinone). Their activities were determined in terms of IC<sub>50</sub> values, defined as the concentration that inhibits 50% of the cells under the test conditions and calculated from linear dose response plots for the parasitic protozoa, and zone of inhibition for bacteria and fungi, respectively. The results show that the different substituents on the anthraquinone ring seem to influence the relative potency. Analysis of the structure–activity relationships in protozoa indicates that the aloe-emodin and chrysazin with the highest biological activities merit further study for their potential to help treat the diseases in women and domestic and farm animals. Emodin also exhibited antifungal activity against <i>Candida albicans</i>. The suggested mechanism of action and the additional reported beneficial biological properties of anthraquinones suggest that they have the potential to ameliorate a broad spectrum of human diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/13/3101<i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i><i>Tritrichomonas foetus</i>cell assaystrichomoniasistrichomonosisanthraquinones |
spellingShingle | Mendel Friedman Alexander Xu Rani Lee Daniel N. Nguyen Tina A. Phan Sabrina M. Hamada Rima Panchel Christina C. Tam Jong H. Kim Luisa W. Cheng Kirkwood M. Land The Inhibitory Activity of Anthraquinones against Pathogenic Protozoa, Bacteria, and Fungi and the Relationship to Structure Molecules <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i> <i>Tritrichomonas foetus</i> cell assays trichomoniasis trichomonosis anthraquinones |
title | The Inhibitory Activity of Anthraquinones against Pathogenic Protozoa, Bacteria, and Fungi and the Relationship to Structure |
title_full | The Inhibitory Activity of Anthraquinones against Pathogenic Protozoa, Bacteria, and Fungi and the Relationship to Structure |
title_fullStr | The Inhibitory Activity of Anthraquinones against Pathogenic Protozoa, Bacteria, and Fungi and the Relationship to Structure |
title_full_unstemmed | The Inhibitory Activity of Anthraquinones against Pathogenic Protozoa, Bacteria, and Fungi and the Relationship to Structure |
title_short | The Inhibitory Activity of Anthraquinones against Pathogenic Protozoa, Bacteria, and Fungi and the Relationship to Structure |
title_sort | inhibitory activity of anthraquinones against pathogenic protozoa bacteria and fungi and the relationship to structure |
topic | <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i> <i>Tritrichomonas foetus</i> cell assays trichomoniasis trichomonosis anthraquinones |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/13/3101 |
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