Combined Application of <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> and Paclobutrazol to Control Root Rot Disease Caused by <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> of Tomato Seedlings
Many root diseases can cause serious damage to tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> L.) production during the seedling growth period, particularly <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i>, <i>Pythium</i> spp., and <i>Alternaria</i> spp. Paclobutrazol (PBZ) has proved...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-12-01
|
| Series: | Agronomy |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/12/3186 |
| _version_ | 1827642180109336576 |
|---|---|
| author | Tarek A. Shalaby Naglaa Taha Hossam S. El-Beltagi Hassan El-Ramady |
| author_facet | Tarek A. Shalaby Naglaa Taha Hossam S. El-Beltagi Hassan El-Ramady |
| author_sort | Tarek A. Shalaby |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Many root diseases can cause serious damage to tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> L.) production during the seedling growth period, particularly <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i>, <i>Pythium</i> spp., and <i>Alternaria</i> spp. Paclobutrazol (PBZ) has proved to reduce the damage of the Alternaria blight disease on tomato seedlings. The present investigation was designated to evaluate the growth of infected tomato seedlings with <i>R. solani</i> under applications of <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> alone, PBZ alone, both PBZ and <i>T. harzianum</i>, and comparing with applied fungicide. PBZ enhanced the chlorophyll system in tomato seedlings, enzymatic antioxidants, and the total antioxidants, besides the vegetative parameters. The combined application of both PBZ and <i>Trichoderma</i> significantly improved growth parameters, decreased the damping off percent of <i>R. solani</i>, as well as increased the enzymatic antioxidants and the total antioxidants of tomato seedlings. It was found that applying 100 mg L<sup>−1</sup> PBZ did not affect the effectiveness of the biocontrol agent of <i>T. harzianum</i>. The images of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) confirm that PBZ showed twisting, shrinking, and collapsing of lysis and hyphae in cultures of <i>R. solani</i>. This is the first report that confirms the biochemical control of <i>R. solani</i> on tomato seedlings using the combined application of PBZ and <i>T. harzianum.</i> Further studies are still needed to test more <i>Trichoderma</i> species and different phytopathogens. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:24:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5d63a870e8e24d10aa082d5647dad4be |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:24:54Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-5d63a870e8e24d10aa082d5647dad4be2023-11-24T12:47:53ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952022-12-011212318610.3390/agronomy12123186Combined Application of <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> and Paclobutrazol to Control Root Rot Disease Caused by <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> of Tomato SeedlingsTarek A. Shalaby0Naglaa Taha1Hossam S. El-Beltagi2Hassan El-Ramady3Arid Land Agriculture Department, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi ArabiaAgriculture Research Center, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Giza 12619, EgyptAgricultural Biotechnology Department, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi ArabiaSoil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, EgyptMany root diseases can cause serious damage to tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> L.) production during the seedling growth period, particularly <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i>, <i>Pythium</i> spp., and <i>Alternaria</i> spp. Paclobutrazol (PBZ) has proved to reduce the damage of the Alternaria blight disease on tomato seedlings. The present investigation was designated to evaluate the growth of infected tomato seedlings with <i>R. solani</i> under applications of <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> alone, PBZ alone, both PBZ and <i>T. harzianum</i>, and comparing with applied fungicide. PBZ enhanced the chlorophyll system in tomato seedlings, enzymatic antioxidants, and the total antioxidants, besides the vegetative parameters. The combined application of both PBZ and <i>Trichoderma</i> significantly improved growth parameters, decreased the damping off percent of <i>R. solani</i>, as well as increased the enzymatic antioxidants and the total antioxidants of tomato seedlings. It was found that applying 100 mg L<sup>−1</sup> PBZ did not affect the effectiveness of the biocontrol agent of <i>T. harzianum</i>. The images of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) confirm that PBZ showed twisting, shrinking, and collapsing of lysis and hyphae in cultures of <i>R. solani</i>. This is the first report that confirms the biochemical control of <i>R. solani</i> on tomato seedlings using the combined application of PBZ and <i>T. harzianum.</i> Further studies are still needed to test more <i>Trichoderma</i> species and different phytopathogens.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/12/3186biotic stresscatalaseperoxidasepolyphenol oxidasetotal antioxidantselectrolyte leakage |
| spellingShingle | Tarek A. Shalaby Naglaa Taha Hossam S. El-Beltagi Hassan El-Ramady Combined Application of <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> and Paclobutrazol to Control Root Rot Disease Caused by <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> of Tomato Seedlings Agronomy biotic stress catalase peroxidase polyphenol oxidase total antioxidants electrolyte leakage |
| title | Combined Application of <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> and Paclobutrazol to Control Root Rot Disease Caused by <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> of Tomato Seedlings |
| title_full | Combined Application of <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> and Paclobutrazol to Control Root Rot Disease Caused by <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> of Tomato Seedlings |
| title_fullStr | Combined Application of <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> and Paclobutrazol to Control Root Rot Disease Caused by <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> of Tomato Seedlings |
| title_full_unstemmed | Combined Application of <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> and Paclobutrazol to Control Root Rot Disease Caused by <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> of Tomato Seedlings |
| title_short | Combined Application of <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> and Paclobutrazol to Control Root Rot Disease Caused by <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> of Tomato Seedlings |
| title_sort | combined application of i trichoderma harzianum i and paclobutrazol to control root rot disease caused by i rhizoctonia solani i of tomato seedlings |
| topic | biotic stress catalase peroxidase polyphenol oxidase total antioxidants electrolyte leakage |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/12/3186 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tarekashalaby combinedapplicationofitrichodermaharzianumiandpaclobutrazoltocontrolrootrotdiseasecausedbyirhizoctoniasolaniioftomatoseedlings AT naglaataha combinedapplicationofitrichodermaharzianumiandpaclobutrazoltocontrolrootrotdiseasecausedbyirhizoctoniasolaniioftomatoseedlings AT hossamselbeltagi combinedapplicationofitrichodermaharzianumiandpaclobutrazoltocontrolrootrotdiseasecausedbyirhizoctoniasolaniioftomatoseedlings AT hassanelramady combinedapplicationofitrichodermaharzianumiandpaclobutrazoltocontrolrootrotdiseasecausedbyirhizoctoniasolaniioftomatoseedlings |