Near-Infrared Radiation-Based Mild Photohyperthermia Therapy of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer with PEGylated Reduced Nanographene Oxide
Using a one-step thermal reduction and non-covalent chemical functionalization process, PEGylated reduced nanographene oxide (rGOn-PEG) was produced from nanographene oxide (GOn) and characterized in terms of particle size, dispersion stability, chemistry, and photothermal properties, in view of its...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-08-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/8/1840 |
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| author | Raquel Costa-Almeida Diana Bogas José R. Fernandes Licínia Timochenco Filipa A. L. S. Silva João Meneses Inês C. Gonçalves Fernão D. Magalhães Artur M. Pinto |
| author_facet | Raquel Costa-Almeida Diana Bogas José R. Fernandes Licínia Timochenco Filipa A. L. S. Silva João Meneses Inês C. Gonçalves Fernão D. Magalhães Artur M. Pinto |
| author_sort | Raquel Costa-Almeida |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Using a one-step thermal reduction and non-covalent chemical functionalization process, PEGylated reduced nanographene oxide (rGOn-PEG) was produced from nanographene oxide (GOn) and characterized in terms of particle size, dispersion stability, chemistry, and photothermal properties, in view of its use for photothermal therapy (PTT) of non-melanoma skin cancer. GOn infrared spectrum presented more intense bands assigned to oxygen containing functional groups than observed for rGOn-PEG. GOn C/O ratio decreased more than 50% comparing with rGOn-PEG and nitrogen was present in the latter (N <i>at</i> % = 20.6) due to introduction of PEG-NH<sub>2</sub>. Thermogravimetric analysis allowed estimating the amount of PEG in rGOn-PEG to be of about 56.1%. Simultaneous reduction and PEGylation increased the lateral dimensions from 287 ± 139 nm to 521 ± 397 nm, as observed by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. rGOn-PEG exhibited ≈13-fold higher absorbance in the near-infrared radiation (NIR) region, as compared to unmodified GOn. Low power (150 mW cm<sup>−2</sup>) NIR irradiation using LEDs resulted in rGOn-PEG heating up to 47 °C, which is within the mild PTT temperature range. PEGylation strongly enhanced the dispersibility of rGOn in physiological media (phosphate buffered saline, fetal bovine serum, and cell culture medium) and also improved the biocompatibility of rGOn-PEG, in comparison to GOn (25–250 μg mL<sup>−1</sup>). After a single NIR LED irradiation treatment of 30 min, a decrease of ≈38% in A-431 cells viability was observed for rGOn-PEG (250 μg mL<sup>−1</sup>). Together, our results demonstrate the potential of irradiating rGOn-PEG using lower energy, cheaper, smaller, and safer LEDs, as alternative to high power lasers, for NIR mild hyperthermia therapy of cancer, namely non-melanoma skin cancer. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T17:19:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5d7e7ec691684bd7a46bb3afd2beb959 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T17:19:12Z |
| publishDate | 2020-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-5d7e7ec691684bd7a46bb3afd2beb9592023-11-20T10:23:37ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602020-08-01128184010.3390/polym12081840Near-Infrared Radiation-Based Mild Photohyperthermia Therapy of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer with PEGylated Reduced Nanographene OxideRaquel Costa-Almeida0Diana Bogas1José R. Fernandes2Licínia Timochenco3Filipa A. L. S. Silva4João Meneses5Inês C. Gonçalves6Fernão D. Magalhães7Artur M. Pinto8i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, PortugalLEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, PortugalCQVR—Centro de Química Vila Real, Departamento de Física, ECT, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, PortugalLEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugali3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, PortugalLEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugali3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, PortugalLEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, Portugali3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-180 Porto, PortugalUsing a one-step thermal reduction and non-covalent chemical functionalization process, PEGylated reduced nanographene oxide (rGOn-PEG) was produced from nanographene oxide (GOn) and characterized in terms of particle size, dispersion stability, chemistry, and photothermal properties, in view of its use for photothermal therapy (PTT) of non-melanoma skin cancer. GOn infrared spectrum presented more intense bands assigned to oxygen containing functional groups than observed for rGOn-PEG. GOn C/O ratio decreased more than 50% comparing with rGOn-PEG and nitrogen was present in the latter (N <i>at</i> % = 20.6) due to introduction of PEG-NH<sub>2</sub>. Thermogravimetric analysis allowed estimating the amount of PEG in rGOn-PEG to be of about 56.1%. Simultaneous reduction and PEGylation increased the lateral dimensions from 287 ± 139 nm to 521 ± 397 nm, as observed by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. rGOn-PEG exhibited ≈13-fold higher absorbance in the near-infrared radiation (NIR) region, as compared to unmodified GOn. Low power (150 mW cm<sup>−2</sup>) NIR irradiation using LEDs resulted in rGOn-PEG heating up to 47 °C, which is within the mild PTT temperature range. PEGylation strongly enhanced the dispersibility of rGOn in physiological media (phosphate buffered saline, fetal bovine serum, and cell culture medium) and also improved the biocompatibility of rGOn-PEG, in comparison to GOn (25–250 μg mL<sup>−1</sup>). After a single NIR LED irradiation treatment of 30 min, a decrease of ≈38% in A-431 cells viability was observed for rGOn-PEG (250 μg mL<sup>−1</sup>). Together, our results demonstrate the potential of irradiating rGOn-PEG using lower energy, cheaper, smaller, and safer LEDs, as alternative to high power lasers, for NIR mild hyperthermia therapy of cancer, namely non-melanoma skin cancer.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/8/1840graphenelight emitting diodephototherapypolyethylene glycolthermal reduction |
| spellingShingle | Raquel Costa-Almeida Diana Bogas José R. Fernandes Licínia Timochenco Filipa A. L. S. Silva João Meneses Inês C. Gonçalves Fernão D. Magalhães Artur M. Pinto Near-Infrared Radiation-Based Mild Photohyperthermia Therapy of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer with PEGylated Reduced Nanographene Oxide Polymers graphene light emitting diode phototherapy polyethylene glycol thermal reduction |
| title | Near-Infrared Radiation-Based Mild Photohyperthermia Therapy of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer with PEGylated Reduced Nanographene Oxide |
| title_full | Near-Infrared Radiation-Based Mild Photohyperthermia Therapy of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer with PEGylated Reduced Nanographene Oxide |
| title_fullStr | Near-Infrared Radiation-Based Mild Photohyperthermia Therapy of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer with PEGylated Reduced Nanographene Oxide |
| title_full_unstemmed | Near-Infrared Radiation-Based Mild Photohyperthermia Therapy of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer with PEGylated Reduced Nanographene Oxide |
| title_short | Near-Infrared Radiation-Based Mild Photohyperthermia Therapy of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer with PEGylated Reduced Nanographene Oxide |
| title_sort | near infrared radiation based mild photohyperthermia therapy of non melanoma skin cancer with pegylated reduced nanographene oxide |
| topic | graphene light emitting diode phototherapy polyethylene glycol thermal reduction |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/8/1840 |
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