Anti-Obesity and Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Chitosan Oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) in SD Rats and in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes Models
Excess body weight is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and associated metabolic complications, and weight loss has been shown to improve glycemic control and decrease morbidity and mortality in T2D patients. Weight-loss strategies using dietary interventions produce a significant decrea...
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| author | Jung-Yun Lee Tae Yang Kim Hanna Kang Jungbae Oh Joo Woong Park Se-Chan Kim Minjoo Kim Emmanouil Apostolidis Young-Cheul Kim Young-In Kwon |
| author_facet | Jung-Yun Lee Tae Yang Kim Hanna Kang Jungbae Oh Joo Woong Park Se-Chan Kim Minjoo Kim Emmanouil Apostolidis Young-Cheul Kim Young-In Kwon |
| author_sort | Jung-Yun Lee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Excess body weight is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and associated metabolic complications, and weight loss has been shown to improve glycemic control and decrease morbidity and mortality in T2D patients. Weight-loss strategies using dietary interventions produce a significant decrease in diabetes-related metabolic disturbance. We have previously reported that the supplementation of low molecular chitosan oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) significantly inhibited blood glucose levels in both animals and humans. However, the effect of GO2KA1 on obesity still remains unclear. The aim of the study was to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of GO2KA1 on lipid accumulation and adipogenic gene expression using 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro and plasma lipid profiles using a Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model. Murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were stimulated to differentiate under the adipogenic stimulation in the presence and absence of varying concentrations of GO2KA1. Adipocyte differentiation was confirmed by Oil Red O staining of lipids and the expression of adipogenic gene expression. Compared to control group, the cells treated with GO2KA1 significantly decreased in intracellular lipid accumulation with concomitant decreases in the expression of key transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBP/α). Consistently, the mRNA expression of downstream adipogenic target genes such as fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), fatty acid synthase (FAS), were significantly lower in the GO2KA1-treated group than in the control group. In vivo, male SD rats were fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks to induced obesity, followed by oral administration of GO2KA1 at 0.1 g/kg/body weight or vehicle control in HFD. We assessed body weight, food intake, plasma lipids, levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) for liver function, and serum level of adiponectin, a marker for obesity-mediated metabolic syndrome. Compared to control group GO2KA1 significantly suppressed body weight gain (185.8 ± 8.8 g vs. 211.6 ± 20.1 g, <i>p</i> < 0.05) with no significant difference in food intake. The serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were significantly lower in the GO2KA1-treated group than in the control group, whereas the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level was higher in the GO2KA1 group. The GO2KA1-treated group also showed a significant reduction in ALT and AST levels compared to the control. Moreover, serum adiponectin levels were significantly 1.5-folder higher than the control group. These in vivo and in vitro findings suggest that dietary supplementation of GO2KA1 may prevent diet-induced weight gain and the anti-obesity effect is mediated in part by inhibiting adipogenesis and increasing adiponectin level. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-5dce6a84071a4873bdc2fcd0a108c2732023-12-03T12:43:04ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-01-0126233110.3390/molecules26020331Anti-Obesity and Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Chitosan Oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) in SD Rats and in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes ModelsJung-Yun Lee0Tae Yang Kim1Hanna Kang2Jungbae Oh3Joo Woong Park4Se-Chan Kim5Minjoo Kim6Emmanouil Apostolidis7Young-Cheul Kim8Young-In Kwon9Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, KoreaDepartment of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, KoreaDepartment of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, KoreaInstitute of Functional Foods, Kunpoong Bio Co. Ltd., Jeju 63010, KoreaNatural Products Institute, Biostream Technologies Co. Ltd., Gyeonggi-Do 17098, KoreaDepartment of Bio Quality Control, Korea Bio Polytechnic, Chungnam 32943, KoreaDepartment of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, KoreaDepartment of Chemistry and Food Science, Framingham State University, Framingham, MA 01701, USADepartment of Nutrition, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USADepartment of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, KoreaExcess body weight is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and associated metabolic complications, and weight loss has been shown to improve glycemic control and decrease morbidity and mortality in T2D patients. Weight-loss strategies using dietary interventions produce a significant decrease in diabetes-related metabolic disturbance. We have previously reported that the supplementation of low molecular chitosan oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) significantly inhibited blood glucose levels in both animals and humans. However, the effect of GO2KA1 on obesity still remains unclear. The aim of the study was to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of GO2KA1 on lipid accumulation and adipogenic gene expression using 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro and plasma lipid profiles using a Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model. Murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were stimulated to differentiate under the adipogenic stimulation in the presence and absence of varying concentrations of GO2KA1. Adipocyte differentiation was confirmed by Oil Red O staining of lipids and the expression of adipogenic gene expression. Compared to control group, the cells treated with GO2KA1 significantly decreased in intracellular lipid accumulation with concomitant decreases in the expression of key transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBP/α). Consistently, the mRNA expression of downstream adipogenic target genes such as fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), fatty acid synthase (FAS), were significantly lower in the GO2KA1-treated group than in the control group. In vivo, male SD rats were fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks to induced obesity, followed by oral administration of GO2KA1 at 0.1 g/kg/body weight or vehicle control in HFD. We assessed body weight, food intake, plasma lipids, levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) for liver function, and serum level of adiponectin, a marker for obesity-mediated metabolic syndrome. Compared to control group GO2KA1 significantly suppressed body weight gain (185.8 ± 8.8 g vs. 211.6 ± 20.1 g, <i>p</i> < 0.05) with no significant difference in food intake. The serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were significantly lower in the GO2KA1-treated group than in the control group, whereas the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level was higher in the GO2KA1 group. The GO2KA1-treated group also showed a significant reduction in ALT and AST levels compared to the control. Moreover, serum adiponectin levels were significantly 1.5-folder higher than the control group. These in vivo and in vitro findings suggest that dietary supplementation of GO2KA1 may prevent diet-induced weight gain and the anti-obesity effect is mediated in part by inhibiting adipogenesis and increasing adiponectin level.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/2/331chitosan-oligosaccharidescalorie restrictionadipocyte differentiations3T3-L1 cellC/EBPβPPARγ |
| spellingShingle | Jung-Yun Lee Tae Yang Kim Hanna Kang Jungbae Oh Joo Woong Park Se-Chan Kim Minjoo Kim Emmanouil Apostolidis Young-Cheul Kim Young-In Kwon Anti-Obesity and Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Chitosan Oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) in SD Rats and in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes Models Molecules chitosan-oligosaccharides calorie restriction adipocyte differentiations 3T3-L1 cell C/EBPβ PPARγ |
| title | Anti-Obesity and Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Chitosan Oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) in SD Rats and in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes Models |
| title_full | Anti-Obesity and Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Chitosan Oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) in SD Rats and in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes Models |
| title_fullStr | Anti-Obesity and Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Chitosan Oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) in SD Rats and in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes Models |
| title_full_unstemmed | Anti-Obesity and Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Chitosan Oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) in SD Rats and in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes Models |
| title_short | Anti-Obesity and Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Chitosan Oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) in SD Rats and in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes Models |
| title_sort | anti obesity and anti adipogenic effects of chitosan oligosaccharide go2ka1 in sd rats and in 3t3 l1 preadipocytes models |
| topic | chitosan-oligosaccharides calorie restriction adipocyte differentiations 3T3-L1 cell C/EBPβ PPARγ |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/2/331 |
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