Host–Pathogen Interactions Influencing Zoonotic Spillover Potential and Transmission in Humans
Emerging infectious diseases of zoonotic origin are an ever-increasing public health risk and economic burden. The factors that determine if and when an animal virus is able to spill over into the human population with sufficient success to achieve ongoing transmission in humans are complex and dyna...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/3/599 |
| _version_ | 1827747337644015616 |
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| author | Beatriz Escudero-Pérez Alexandre Lalande Cyrille Mathieu Philip Lawrence |
| author_facet | Beatriz Escudero-Pérez Alexandre Lalande Cyrille Mathieu Philip Lawrence |
| author_sort | Beatriz Escudero-Pérez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Emerging infectious diseases of zoonotic origin are an ever-increasing public health risk and economic burden. The factors that determine if and when an animal virus is able to spill over into the human population with sufficient success to achieve ongoing transmission in humans are complex and dynamic. We are currently unable to fully predict which pathogens may appear in humans, where and with what impact. In this review, we highlight current knowledge of the key host–pathogen interactions known to influence zoonotic spillover potential and transmission in humans, with a particular focus on two important human viruses of zoonotic origin, the Nipah virus and the Ebola virus. Namely, key factors determining spillover potential include cellular and tissue tropism, as well as the virulence and pathogenic characteristics of the pathogen and the capacity of the pathogen to adapt and evolve within a novel host environment. We also detail our emerging understanding of the importance of steric hindrance of host cell factors by viral proteins using a “flytrap”-type mechanism of protein amyloidogenesis that could be crucial in developing future antiviral therapies against emerging pathogens. Finally, we discuss strategies to prepare for and to reduce the frequency of zoonotic spillover occurrences in order to minimize the risk of new outbreaks. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:47:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5dd373760ddc4a6e9a16420efbe11d5c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:47:04Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-5dd373760ddc4a6e9a16420efbe11d5c2023-11-17T14:21:41ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152023-02-0115359910.3390/v15030599Host–Pathogen Interactions Influencing Zoonotic Spillover Potential and Transmission in HumansBeatriz Escudero-Pérez0Alexandre Lalande1Cyrille Mathieu2Philip Lawrence3WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, GermanyCIRI (Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie), Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, FranceCIRI (Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie), Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, FranceCONFLUENCE: Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Université Catholique de Lyon (UCLy), 69002 Lyon, FranceEmerging infectious diseases of zoonotic origin are an ever-increasing public health risk and economic burden. The factors that determine if and when an animal virus is able to spill over into the human population with sufficient success to achieve ongoing transmission in humans are complex and dynamic. We are currently unable to fully predict which pathogens may appear in humans, where and with what impact. In this review, we highlight current knowledge of the key host–pathogen interactions known to influence zoonotic spillover potential and transmission in humans, with a particular focus on two important human viruses of zoonotic origin, the Nipah virus and the Ebola virus. Namely, key factors determining spillover potential include cellular and tissue tropism, as well as the virulence and pathogenic characteristics of the pathogen and the capacity of the pathogen to adapt and evolve within a novel host environment. We also detail our emerging understanding of the importance of steric hindrance of host cell factors by viral proteins using a “flytrap”-type mechanism of protein amyloidogenesis that could be crucial in developing future antiviral therapies against emerging pathogens. Finally, we discuss strategies to prepare for and to reduce the frequency of zoonotic spillover occurrences in order to minimize the risk of new outbreaks.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/3/599zoonosisspecies barriersNipah virusEbola virusinnate immune antagonism factorsviral amyloidogenesis |
| spellingShingle | Beatriz Escudero-Pérez Alexandre Lalande Cyrille Mathieu Philip Lawrence Host–Pathogen Interactions Influencing Zoonotic Spillover Potential and Transmission in Humans Viruses zoonosis species barriers Nipah virus Ebola virus innate immune antagonism factors viral amyloidogenesis |
| title | Host–Pathogen Interactions Influencing Zoonotic Spillover Potential and Transmission in Humans |
| title_full | Host–Pathogen Interactions Influencing Zoonotic Spillover Potential and Transmission in Humans |
| title_fullStr | Host–Pathogen Interactions Influencing Zoonotic Spillover Potential and Transmission in Humans |
| title_full_unstemmed | Host–Pathogen Interactions Influencing Zoonotic Spillover Potential and Transmission in Humans |
| title_short | Host–Pathogen Interactions Influencing Zoonotic Spillover Potential and Transmission in Humans |
| title_sort | host pathogen interactions influencing zoonotic spillover potential and transmission in humans |
| topic | zoonosis species barriers Nipah virus Ebola virus innate immune antagonism factors viral amyloidogenesis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/3/599 |
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