A Novel Route of Mixed Catalysis for Production of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters from Potential Seed Oil Sources
Depleting petroleum resources coupled with the environmental consequences of fossil fuel combustion have led to the search for renewable alternatives, such as biodiesel. In this study, sunflower (<i>Helianthus annus</i>), mustard (<i>Brassica compestres</i>) and pearl millet...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Catalysts |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/11/7/811 |
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| author | Shazia Perveen Muhammad Asif Hanif Razyia Nadeem Umer Rashid Muhammad Waqar Azeem Muhammad Zubair Numrah Nisar Fahad A. Alharthi Bryan R. Moser |
| author_facet | Shazia Perveen Muhammad Asif Hanif Razyia Nadeem Umer Rashid Muhammad Waqar Azeem Muhammad Zubair Numrah Nisar Fahad A. Alharthi Bryan R. Moser |
| author_sort | Shazia Perveen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Depleting petroleum resources coupled with the environmental consequences of fossil fuel combustion have led to the search for renewable alternatives, such as biodiesel. In this study, sunflower (<i>Helianthus annus</i>), mustard (<i>Brassica compestres</i>) and pearl millet (<i>Pennisetum americanum</i>) seed oils were converted into biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) by acid-, base- and lipase-catalyzed transesterification, and the resultant fuel properties were determined. The methyl esters displayed superior iodine values (102–139), low densities, and a high cetane number (CN). The highest yield of biodiesel was obtained from mustard seed oil, which provided cloud (CP) and pour (PP) points of −3.5 and 5 °C, respectively, and a CN of 53. The sunflower seed oil methyl esters had a density of 0.81–0.86 kg/L at 16 °C, CP of 2 °C, PP of −8 °C, and a CN of 47. The pearl millet seed oil methyl esters yielded a density 0.87–0.89 kg/L, CP and PP of 4 °C and −5 °C, respectively, and a CN of 46. The major fatty acids identified in the sunflower, mustard, and pearl millet seed oils were linolenic (49.2%), oleic acid (82.2%), and linoleic acid (73.9%), respectively. The present study reports biodiesel with ideal values of CP and PP, to extend the use of biodiesel at the commercial level. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:43:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5dde453b67c948beb35371d447ba8a06 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4344 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:43:06Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Catalysts |
| spelling | doaj.art-5dde453b67c948beb35371d447ba8a062023-11-22T03:26:51ZengMDPI AGCatalysts2073-43442021-07-0111781110.3390/catal11070811A Novel Route of Mixed Catalysis for Production of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters from Potential Seed Oil SourcesShazia Perveen0Muhammad Asif Hanif1Razyia Nadeem2Umer Rashid3Muhammad Waqar Azeem4Muhammad Zubair5Numrah Nisar6Fahad A. Alharthi7Bryan R. Moser8Nano and Biomaterials Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, PakistanNano and Biomaterials Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, PakistanAnalytical Method Development Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, PakistanInstitute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, MalaysiaNano and Biomaterials Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, PakistanDepartment of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, PakistanEnvironmental Science Department, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 42000, PakistanChemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 1145, Saudi ArabiaNational Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Bio-Oils Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL 61604, USADepleting petroleum resources coupled with the environmental consequences of fossil fuel combustion have led to the search for renewable alternatives, such as biodiesel. In this study, sunflower (<i>Helianthus annus</i>), mustard (<i>Brassica compestres</i>) and pearl millet (<i>Pennisetum americanum</i>) seed oils were converted into biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) by acid-, base- and lipase-catalyzed transesterification, and the resultant fuel properties were determined. The methyl esters displayed superior iodine values (102–139), low densities, and a high cetane number (CN). The highest yield of biodiesel was obtained from mustard seed oil, which provided cloud (CP) and pour (PP) points of −3.5 and 5 °C, respectively, and a CN of 53. The sunflower seed oil methyl esters had a density of 0.81–0.86 kg/L at 16 °C, CP of 2 °C, PP of −8 °C, and a CN of 47. The pearl millet seed oil methyl esters yielded a density 0.87–0.89 kg/L, CP and PP of 4 °C and −5 °C, respectively, and a CN of 46. The major fatty acids identified in the sunflower, mustard, and pearl millet seed oils were linolenic (49.2%), oleic acid (82.2%), and linoleic acid (73.9%), respectively. The present study reports biodiesel with ideal values of CP and PP, to extend the use of biodiesel at the commercial level.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/11/7/811immobilized lipasetransesterificationcatalysisfatty acid methyl esterssunflowermustard |
| spellingShingle | Shazia Perveen Muhammad Asif Hanif Razyia Nadeem Umer Rashid Muhammad Waqar Azeem Muhammad Zubair Numrah Nisar Fahad A. Alharthi Bryan R. Moser A Novel Route of Mixed Catalysis for Production of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters from Potential Seed Oil Sources Catalysts immobilized lipase transesterification catalysis fatty acid methyl esters sunflower mustard |
| title | A Novel Route of Mixed Catalysis for Production of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters from Potential Seed Oil Sources |
| title_full | A Novel Route of Mixed Catalysis for Production of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters from Potential Seed Oil Sources |
| title_fullStr | A Novel Route of Mixed Catalysis for Production of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters from Potential Seed Oil Sources |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Novel Route of Mixed Catalysis for Production of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters from Potential Seed Oil Sources |
| title_short | A Novel Route of Mixed Catalysis for Production of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters from Potential Seed Oil Sources |
| title_sort | novel route of mixed catalysis for production of fatty acid methyl esters from potential seed oil sources |
| topic | immobilized lipase transesterification catalysis fatty acid methyl esters sunflower mustard |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/11/7/811 |
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