Microbiological characteristics of different tongue coatings in adults
Abstract Background Tongue coating is an important health indicator in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The tongue coating microbiome can distinguish disease patients from healthy controls. To study the relationship between different types of tongue coatings and health, we analyzed the species co...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2022-09-01
|
| Series: | BMC Microbiology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-022-02626-7 |
| _version_ | 1798002971901952000 |
|---|---|
| author | Caihong He Qiaoyun Liao Peng Fu Jinyou Li Xinxiu Zhao Qin Zhang Qifeng Gui |
| author_facet | Caihong He Qiaoyun Liao Peng Fu Jinyou Li Xinxiu Zhao Qin Zhang Qifeng Gui |
| author_sort | Caihong He |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Tongue coating is an important health indicator in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The tongue coating microbiome can distinguish disease patients from healthy controls. To study the relationship between different types of tongue coatings and health, we analyzed the species composition of different types of tongue coatings and the co-occurrence relationships between microorganisms in Chinese adults. From June 2019 to October 2020, 158 adults from Hangzhou and Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, were enrolled. We classified the TCM tongue coatings into four different types: thin white tongue fur (TWF), thin yellow tongue fur (TYF), white greasy tongue fur (WGF), and yellow greasy tongue fur (YGF). Tongue coating specimens were collected and used for 16S rRNA gene sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq system. Wilcoxon rank-sum and permutational multivariate analysis of variance tests were used to analyze the data. The microbial networks in the four types of tongue coatings were inferred independently using sparse inverse covariance estimation for ecological association inference. Results The microbial composition was similar among the different tongue coatings; however, the abundance of microorganisms differed. TWF had a higher abundance of Fusobacterium periodonticum and Neisseria mucosa, the highest α-diversity, and a highly connected community (average degree = 3.59, average closeness centrality = 0.33). TYF had the lowest α-diversity, but the most species in the co-occurrence network diagram (number of nodes = 88). The platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) was associated with tongue coating (P = 0.035), and the YGF and TYF groups had higher PLR values. In the co-occurrence network, Aggregatibacter segnis was the “driver species” of the TWF and TYF groups and correlated with C-reactive protein (P < 0.05). Streptococcus anginosus was the “driver species” in the YGF and TWF groups and was positively correlated with body mass index and weight (P < 0.05). Conclusion Different tongue coatings have similar microbial compositions but different abundances of certain bacteria. The co-occurrence of microorganisms in the different tongue coatings also varies. The significance of different tongue coatings in TCM theory is consistent with the characteristics and roles of the corresponding tongue-coating microbes. This further supports considering tongue coating as a risk factor for disease. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T12:00:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5e07a755409446ce8e3fd838e5100b43 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1471-2180 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T12:00:50Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-5e07a755409446ce8e3fd838e5100b432022-12-22T04:24:51ZengBMCBMC Microbiology1471-21802022-09-0122111310.1186/s12866-022-02626-7Microbiological characteristics of different tongue coatings in adultsCaihong He0Qiaoyun Liao1Peng Fu2Jinyou Li3Xinxiu Zhao4Qin Zhang5Qifeng Gui6Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityDepartment of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityFirst Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese MedicineDepartment of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityDepartment of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityDepartment of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityDepartment of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityAbstract Background Tongue coating is an important health indicator in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The tongue coating microbiome can distinguish disease patients from healthy controls. To study the relationship between different types of tongue coatings and health, we analyzed the species composition of different types of tongue coatings and the co-occurrence relationships between microorganisms in Chinese adults. From June 2019 to October 2020, 158 adults from Hangzhou and Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, were enrolled. We classified the TCM tongue coatings into four different types: thin white tongue fur (TWF), thin yellow tongue fur (TYF), white greasy tongue fur (WGF), and yellow greasy tongue fur (YGF). Tongue coating specimens were collected and used for 16S rRNA gene sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq system. Wilcoxon rank-sum and permutational multivariate analysis of variance tests were used to analyze the data. The microbial networks in the four types of tongue coatings were inferred independently using sparse inverse covariance estimation for ecological association inference. Results The microbial composition was similar among the different tongue coatings; however, the abundance of microorganisms differed. TWF had a higher abundance of Fusobacterium periodonticum and Neisseria mucosa, the highest α-diversity, and a highly connected community (average degree = 3.59, average closeness centrality = 0.33). TYF had the lowest α-diversity, but the most species in the co-occurrence network diagram (number of nodes = 88). The platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) was associated with tongue coating (P = 0.035), and the YGF and TYF groups had higher PLR values. In the co-occurrence network, Aggregatibacter segnis was the “driver species” of the TWF and TYF groups and correlated with C-reactive protein (P < 0.05). Streptococcus anginosus was the “driver species” in the YGF and TWF groups and was positively correlated with body mass index and weight (P < 0.05). Conclusion Different tongue coatings have similar microbial compositions but different abundances of certain bacteria. The co-occurrence of microorganisms in the different tongue coatings also varies. The significance of different tongue coatings in TCM theory is consistent with the characteristics and roles of the corresponding tongue-coating microbes. This further supports considering tongue coating as a risk factor for disease.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-022-02626-7Tongue coatingMicrobiomeCo-occurrence networksDriver speciesDisease prevention |
| spellingShingle | Caihong He Qiaoyun Liao Peng Fu Jinyou Li Xinxiu Zhao Qin Zhang Qifeng Gui Microbiological characteristics of different tongue coatings in adults BMC Microbiology Tongue coating Microbiome Co-occurrence networks Driver species Disease prevention |
| title | Microbiological characteristics of different tongue coatings in adults |
| title_full | Microbiological characteristics of different tongue coatings in adults |
| title_fullStr | Microbiological characteristics of different tongue coatings in adults |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microbiological characteristics of different tongue coatings in adults |
| title_short | Microbiological characteristics of different tongue coatings in adults |
| title_sort | microbiological characteristics of different tongue coatings in adults |
| topic | Tongue coating Microbiome Co-occurrence networks Driver species Disease prevention |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-022-02626-7 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT caihonghe microbiologicalcharacteristicsofdifferenttonguecoatingsinadults AT qiaoyunliao microbiologicalcharacteristicsofdifferenttonguecoatingsinadults AT pengfu microbiologicalcharacteristicsofdifferenttonguecoatingsinadults AT jinyouli microbiologicalcharacteristicsofdifferenttonguecoatingsinadults AT xinxiuzhao microbiologicalcharacteristicsofdifferenttonguecoatingsinadults AT qinzhang microbiologicalcharacteristicsofdifferenttonguecoatingsinadults AT qifenggui microbiologicalcharacteristicsofdifferenttonguecoatingsinadults |