Complement Proteins as Soluble Pattern Recognition Receptors for Pathogenic Viruses
The complement system represents a crucial part of innate immunity. It contains a diverse range of soluble activators, membrane-bound receptors, and regulators. Its principal function is to eliminate pathogens via activation of three distinct pathways: classical, alternative, and lectin. In the case...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/5/824 |
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| author | Valarmathy Murugaiah Praveen M. Varghese Nazar Beirag Syreeta De Cordova Robert B. Sim Uday Kishore |
| author_facet | Valarmathy Murugaiah Praveen M. Varghese Nazar Beirag Syreeta De Cordova Robert B. Sim Uday Kishore |
| author_sort | Valarmathy Murugaiah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The complement system represents a crucial part of innate immunity. It contains a diverse range of soluble activators, membrane-bound receptors, and regulators. Its principal function is to eliminate pathogens via activation of three distinct pathways: classical, alternative, and lectin. In the case of viruses, the complement activation results in effector functions such as virion opsonisation by complement components, phagocytosis induction, virolysis by the membrane attack complex, and promotion of immune responses through anaphylatoxins and chemotactic factors. Recent studies have shown that the addition of individual complement components can neutralise viruses without requiring the activation of the complement cascade. While the complement-mediated effector functions can neutralise a diverse range of viruses, numerous viruses have evolved mechanisms to subvert complement recognition/activation by encoding several proteins that inhibit the complement system, contributing to viral survival and pathogenesis. This review focuses on these complement-dependent and -independent interactions of complement components (especially C1q, C4b-binding protein, properdin, factor H, Mannose-binding lectin, and Ficolins) with several viruses and their consequences. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:44:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5e232fd0b548449ab0810e7652ad0552 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:44:15Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-5e232fd0b548449ab0810e7652ad05522023-11-21T18:11:56ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152021-05-0113582410.3390/v13050824Complement Proteins as Soluble Pattern Recognition Receptors for Pathogenic VirusesValarmathy Murugaiah0Praveen M. Varghese1Nazar Beirag2Syreeta De Cordova3Robert B. Sim4Uday Kishore5Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UKBiosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKThe complement system represents a crucial part of innate immunity. It contains a diverse range of soluble activators, membrane-bound receptors, and regulators. Its principal function is to eliminate pathogens via activation of three distinct pathways: classical, alternative, and lectin. In the case of viruses, the complement activation results in effector functions such as virion opsonisation by complement components, phagocytosis induction, virolysis by the membrane attack complex, and promotion of immune responses through anaphylatoxins and chemotactic factors. Recent studies have shown that the addition of individual complement components can neutralise viruses without requiring the activation of the complement cascade. While the complement-mediated effector functions can neutralise a diverse range of viruses, numerous viruses have evolved mechanisms to subvert complement recognition/activation by encoding several proteins that inhibit the complement system, contributing to viral survival and pathogenesis. This review focuses on these complement-dependent and -independent interactions of complement components (especially C1q, C4b-binding protein, properdin, factor H, Mannose-binding lectin, and Ficolins) with several viruses and their consequences.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/5/824innate immunitycomplement systemcomplement evasionDNA virusesRNA virusesretroviruses |
| spellingShingle | Valarmathy Murugaiah Praveen M. Varghese Nazar Beirag Syreeta De Cordova Robert B. Sim Uday Kishore Complement Proteins as Soluble Pattern Recognition Receptors for Pathogenic Viruses Viruses innate immunity complement system complement evasion DNA viruses RNA viruses retroviruses |
| title | Complement Proteins as Soluble Pattern Recognition Receptors for Pathogenic Viruses |
| title_full | Complement Proteins as Soluble Pattern Recognition Receptors for Pathogenic Viruses |
| title_fullStr | Complement Proteins as Soluble Pattern Recognition Receptors for Pathogenic Viruses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Complement Proteins as Soluble Pattern Recognition Receptors for Pathogenic Viruses |
| title_short | Complement Proteins as Soluble Pattern Recognition Receptors for Pathogenic Viruses |
| title_sort | complement proteins as soluble pattern recognition receptors for pathogenic viruses |
| topic | innate immunity complement system complement evasion DNA viruses RNA viruses retroviruses |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/5/824 |
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