Reliability and Validity of IMU-Based Foot Progression Angle Measurement under Different Gait Retraining Strategies
Load modifying gait retraining strategies, such as changing the foot progression angle (FPA) to toe-in and toe-out gait, are used for people with medial knee osteoarthritis. The FPA can be measured using a pressure sensitive walkway (PSW), but inertial measurement units (IMUs) are considered more su...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/13/6519 |
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| author | Francine C. A. Urbanus Jane Grayson Jaap Harlaar Milena Simic |
| author_facet | Francine C. A. Urbanus Jane Grayson Jaap Harlaar Milena Simic |
| author_sort | Francine C. A. Urbanus |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Load modifying gait retraining strategies, such as changing the foot progression angle (FPA) to toe-in and toe-out gait, are used for people with medial knee osteoarthritis. The FPA can be measured using a pressure sensitive walkway (PSW), but inertial measurement units (IMUs) are considered more suitable for clinical use. This study evaluated the reliability and validity of an IMU system, to measure FPA under different gait retraining strategies. Twenty healthy participants walked a 10-m-long path using different gait strategies (natural (2), toe-out gait (1), toe-in gait (1)) during four 90-s trials. FPA was measured simultaneously with IMUs and a PSW, the latter considered the reference standard. There was good and excellent reliability for the IMUs and PSW FPA measurements, respectively (ICC: IMU, 0.89; PSW, 0.97). Minimal detectable change (MDC) was 4.5° for the IMUs and 2.7° for the PSW. Repeated measures ANOVA indicated a significant effect of gait type on FPA (<i>p</i> < 0.001), but not the measurement instrument (<i>p</i> = 0.875). Bland–Altman plots demonstrated the good agreement of both systems for the baseline condition, though the IMUs seemed to consistently overestimate the FPA value compared to the PSW. In conclusion, IMUs are a reliable and valid measurement system for measuring FPA under different gait retraining strategies. The differences between the systems are significant for all gait strategies, so the systems should not be used interchangeably. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:07:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5e3d6dfeb1d64115ab4053e1156ea740 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:07:23Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-5e3d6dfeb1d64115ab4053e1156ea7402023-11-23T19:38:05ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172022-06-011213651910.3390/app12136519Reliability and Validity of IMU-Based Foot Progression Angle Measurement under Different Gait Retraining StrategiesFrancine C. A. Urbanus0Jane Grayson1Jaap Harlaar2Milena Simic3Department of BioMechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The NetherlandsDiscipline of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, AustraliaDepartment of BioMechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The NetherlandsDiscipline of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, AustraliaLoad modifying gait retraining strategies, such as changing the foot progression angle (FPA) to toe-in and toe-out gait, are used for people with medial knee osteoarthritis. The FPA can be measured using a pressure sensitive walkway (PSW), but inertial measurement units (IMUs) are considered more suitable for clinical use. This study evaluated the reliability and validity of an IMU system, to measure FPA under different gait retraining strategies. Twenty healthy participants walked a 10-m-long path using different gait strategies (natural (2), toe-out gait (1), toe-in gait (1)) during four 90-s trials. FPA was measured simultaneously with IMUs and a PSW, the latter considered the reference standard. There was good and excellent reliability for the IMUs and PSW FPA measurements, respectively (ICC: IMU, 0.89; PSW, 0.97). Minimal detectable change (MDC) was 4.5° for the IMUs and 2.7° for the PSW. Repeated measures ANOVA indicated a significant effect of gait type on FPA (<i>p</i> < 0.001), but not the measurement instrument (<i>p</i> = 0.875). Bland–Altman plots demonstrated the good agreement of both systems for the baseline condition, though the IMUs seemed to consistently overestimate the FPA value compared to the PSW. In conclusion, IMUs are a reliable and valid measurement system for measuring FPA under different gait retraining strategies. The differences between the systems are significant for all gait strategies, so the systems should not be used interchangeably.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/13/6519gait analysisfoot progression angleAPDMinertial measurement unittoe-intoe-out |
| spellingShingle | Francine C. A. Urbanus Jane Grayson Jaap Harlaar Milena Simic Reliability and Validity of IMU-Based Foot Progression Angle Measurement under Different Gait Retraining Strategies Applied Sciences gait analysis foot progression angle APDM inertial measurement unit toe-in toe-out |
| title | Reliability and Validity of IMU-Based Foot Progression Angle Measurement under Different Gait Retraining Strategies |
| title_full | Reliability and Validity of IMU-Based Foot Progression Angle Measurement under Different Gait Retraining Strategies |
| title_fullStr | Reliability and Validity of IMU-Based Foot Progression Angle Measurement under Different Gait Retraining Strategies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reliability and Validity of IMU-Based Foot Progression Angle Measurement under Different Gait Retraining Strategies |
| title_short | Reliability and Validity of IMU-Based Foot Progression Angle Measurement under Different Gait Retraining Strategies |
| title_sort | reliability and validity of imu based foot progression angle measurement under different gait retraining strategies |
| topic | gait analysis foot progression angle APDM inertial measurement unit toe-in toe-out |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/13/6519 |
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