Blue Light Mediates Chloroplast Avoidance and Enhances Photoprotection of Vanilla Orchid
Vanilla orchid, which is well-known for its flavor and fragrance, is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. This shade-loving plant is very sensitive to high irradiance. In this study, we show that vanilla chloroplasts started to have avoidance movement when blue light (BL) was higher than...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-10-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/21/8022 |
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| author | Swee-Suak Ko Chung-Min Jhong Yi-Jyun Lin Ching-Yu Wei Ju-Yin Lee Ming-Che Shih |
| author_facet | Swee-Suak Ko Chung-Min Jhong Yi-Jyun Lin Ching-Yu Wei Ju-Yin Lee Ming-Che Shih |
| author_sort | Swee-Suak Ko |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Vanilla orchid, which is well-known for its flavor and fragrance, is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. This shade-loving plant is very sensitive to high irradiance. In this study, we show that vanilla chloroplasts started to have avoidance movement when blue light (BL) was higher than 20 μmol m<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup> and significant avoidance movement was observed under BL irradiation at 100 μmol m<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup> (BL100). The light response curve indicated that when vanilla was exposed to 1000 μmol m<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>, the electron transport rate (ETR) and photochemical quenching of fluorescence (qP) were significantly reduced to a negligible amount. We found that if a vanilla orchid was irradiated with BL100 for 12 days, it acquired BL-acclimation. Chloroplasts moved to the side of cells in order to reduce light-harvesting antenna size, and chloroplast photodamage was eliminated. Therefore, BL-acclimation enhanced vanilla orchid growth and tolerance to moderate (500 μmol m<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>) and high light (1000 μmol m<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>) stress conditions. It was found that under high irradiation, BL-acclimatized vanilla maintained higher ETR and qP capacity than the control without BL-acclimation. BL-acclimation induced antioxidant enzyme activities, reduced ROS accumulation, and accumulated more carbohydrates. Moreover, BL-acclimatized orchids upregulated photosystem-II-associated marker genes (<i>D1</i> and <i>PetC</i>), <i>Rubisco</i> and <i>PEPC</i> transcripts and sustained expression levels thereof, and also maximized the photosynthesis rate. Consequently, BL-acclimatized orchids had higher biomass. In short, this study found that acclimating vanilla orchid with BL before transplantation to the field might eliminate photoinhibition and enhance vanilla growth and production. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:16:49Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-5e4c3846a4d84b79acfa903a9ee614e62023-11-20T18:53:30ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672020-10-012121802210.3390/ijms21218022Blue Light Mediates Chloroplast Avoidance and Enhances Photoprotection of Vanilla OrchidSwee-Suak Ko0Chung-Min Jhong1Yi-Jyun Lin2Ching-Yu Wei3Ju-Yin Lee4Ming-Che Shih5Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Tainan 741, TaiwanAcademia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Tainan 741, TaiwanAcademia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Tainan 741, TaiwanNational Chiayi University Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Chiayi 600, TaiwanNational Taiwan University Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Taipei 10617, TaiwanAgricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, TaiwanVanilla orchid, which is well-known for its flavor and fragrance, is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. This shade-loving plant is very sensitive to high irradiance. In this study, we show that vanilla chloroplasts started to have avoidance movement when blue light (BL) was higher than 20 μmol m<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup> and significant avoidance movement was observed under BL irradiation at 100 μmol m<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup> (BL100). The light response curve indicated that when vanilla was exposed to 1000 μmol m<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>, the electron transport rate (ETR) and photochemical quenching of fluorescence (qP) were significantly reduced to a negligible amount. We found that if a vanilla orchid was irradiated with BL100 for 12 days, it acquired BL-acclimation. Chloroplasts moved to the side of cells in order to reduce light-harvesting antenna size, and chloroplast photodamage was eliminated. Therefore, BL-acclimation enhanced vanilla orchid growth and tolerance to moderate (500 μmol m<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>) and high light (1000 μmol m<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>) stress conditions. It was found that under high irradiation, BL-acclimatized vanilla maintained higher ETR and qP capacity than the control without BL-acclimation. BL-acclimation induced antioxidant enzyme activities, reduced ROS accumulation, and accumulated more carbohydrates. Moreover, BL-acclimatized orchids upregulated photosystem-II-associated marker genes (<i>D1</i> and <i>PetC</i>), <i>Rubisco</i> and <i>PEPC</i> transcripts and sustained expression levels thereof, and also maximized the photosynthesis rate. Consequently, BL-acclimatized orchids had higher biomass. In short, this study found that acclimating vanilla orchid with BL before transplantation to the field might eliminate photoinhibition and enhance vanilla growth and production.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/21/8022<i>Vanilla planifolia</i>high irradiancephotoprotectionblue light acclimationchlorophyll fluorescence |
| spellingShingle | Swee-Suak Ko Chung-Min Jhong Yi-Jyun Lin Ching-Yu Wei Ju-Yin Lee Ming-Che Shih Blue Light Mediates Chloroplast Avoidance and Enhances Photoprotection of Vanilla Orchid International Journal of Molecular Sciences <i>Vanilla planifolia</i> high irradiance photoprotection blue light acclimation chlorophyll fluorescence |
| title | Blue Light Mediates Chloroplast Avoidance and Enhances Photoprotection of Vanilla Orchid |
| title_full | Blue Light Mediates Chloroplast Avoidance and Enhances Photoprotection of Vanilla Orchid |
| title_fullStr | Blue Light Mediates Chloroplast Avoidance and Enhances Photoprotection of Vanilla Orchid |
| title_full_unstemmed | Blue Light Mediates Chloroplast Avoidance and Enhances Photoprotection of Vanilla Orchid |
| title_short | Blue Light Mediates Chloroplast Avoidance and Enhances Photoprotection of Vanilla Orchid |
| title_sort | blue light mediates chloroplast avoidance and enhances photoprotection of vanilla orchid |
| topic | <i>Vanilla planifolia</i> high irradiance photoprotection blue light acclimation chlorophyll fluorescence |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/21/8022 |
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