Association between Visual Perception and Socioeconomic Status in Malaysian Preschool Children: Results from the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-4
Visual perception in children can be evaluated using the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills—4th edition (TVPS-4) with normative data developed for the U.S. population. It is widely used by healthcare practitioners in Malaysia, despite reports that children in Asia outperform their U.S. peers in visual...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-04-01
|
| Series: | Children |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/10/4/749 |
| _version_ | 1827745433693192192 |
|---|---|
| author | Mariah Asem Sumithira Narayanasamy Mahadir Ahmad Masne Kadar Mohd Izzuddin Hairol |
| author_facet | Mariah Asem Sumithira Narayanasamy Mahadir Ahmad Masne Kadar Mohd Izzuddin Hairol |
| author_sort | Mariah Asem |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Visual perception in children can be evaluated using the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills—4th edition (TVPS-4) with normative data developed for the U.S. population. It is widely used by healthcare practitioners in Malaysia, despite reports that children in Asia outperform their U.S. peers in visual perception assessment. We compared TVPS-4 scores among 72 Malaysian preschool children (mean age: 5.06 ± 0.11 years) with U.S. norms and investigated the association between socioeconomic factors and TVPS-4 scores. Malaysian preschoolers had significantly higher standard scores (116.60 ± 7.16) than the U.S. norms (100 ± 15; <i>p</i> < 0.001). They also had significantly higher scaled scores (between 12.57 ± 2.10 and 13.89 ± 2.54) than the U.S. norms (10 ± 3, all <i>p</i> < 0.001) for all subtests. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that socioeconomic variables were not significant predictors for five visual perception subtests and the overall standard score. The visual form constancy score could be predicted by ethnicity (β = −1.874, <i>p</i> = 0.03). The visual sequential memory score could be predicted by the father’s employment status (β = 2.399, <i>p</i> < 0.001), mother’s employment status (β = 1.303, <i>p</i> = 0.007), and low household income (β = −1.430, <i>p</i> < 0.037). In conclusion, Malaysian preschoolers outperformed their U.S. peers in all TVPS-4 subtests. Socioeconomic variables were associated with visual form constancy and visual sequential memory, but not with the other five subtests or TVPS-4’s overall standard scores. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:08:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5e4e72b5781a4bf2bf428f7dbb93676c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:08:00Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Children |
| spelling | doaj.art-5e4e72b5781a4bf2bf428f7dbb93676c2023-11-17T18:47:09ZengMDPI AGChildren2227-90672023-04-0110474910.3390/children10040749Association between Visual Perception and Socioeconomic Status in Malaysian Preschool Children: Results from the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-4Mariah Asem0Sumithira Narayanasamy1Mahadir Ahmad2Masne Kadar3Mohd Izzuddin Hairol4Centre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, MalaysiaCentre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, MalaysiaCentre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, MalaysiaCentre for Rehabilitation and Special Needs Studies (iCaRehab), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, MalaysiaCentre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, MalaysiaVisual perception in children can be evaluated using the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills—4th edition (TVPS-4) with normative data developed for the U.S. population. It is widely used by healthcare practitioners in Malaysia, despite reports that children in Asia outperform their U.S. peers in visual perception assessment. We compared TVPS-4 scores among 72 Malaysian preschool children (mean age: 5.06 ± 0.11 years) with U.S. norms and investigated the association between socioeconomic factors and TVPS-4 scores. Malaysian preschoolers had significantly higher standard scores (116.60 ± 7.16) than the U.S. norms (100 ± 15; <i>p</i> < 0.001). They also had significantly higher scaled scores (between 12.57 ± 2.10 and 13.89 ± 2.54) than the U.S. norms (10 ± 3, all <i>p</i> < 0.001) for all subtests. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that socioeconomic variables were not significant predictors for five visual perception subtests and the overall standard score. The visual form constancy score could be predicted by ethnicity (β = −1.874, <i>p</i> = 0.03). The visual sequential memory score could be predicted by the father’s employment status (β = 2.399, <i>p</i> < 0.001), mother’s employment status (β = 1.303, <i>p</i> = 0.007), and low household income (β = −1.430, <i>p</i> < 0.037). In conclusion, Malaysian preschoolers outperformed their U.S. peers in all TVPS-4 subtests. Socioeconomic variables were associated with visual form constancy and visual sequential memory, but not with the other five subtests or TVPS-4’s overall standard scores.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/10/4/749preschool childrenTest of Visual Perception Skills—4th edition (TVPS-4)visual perceptionsocioeconomic status |
| spellingShingle | Mariah Asem Sumithira Narayanasamy Mahadir Ahmad Masne Kadar Mohd Izzuddin Hairol Association between Visual Perception and Socioeconomic Status in Malaysian Preschool Children: Results from the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-4 Children preschool children Test of Visual Perception Skills—4th edition (TVPS-4) visual perception socioeconomic status |
| title | Association between Visual Perception and Socioeconomic Status in Malaysian Preschool Children: Results from the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-4 |
| title_full | Association between Visual Perception and Socioeconomic Status in Malaysian Preschool Children: Results from the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-4 |
| title_fullStr | Association between Visual Perception and Socioeconomic Status in Malaysian Preschool Children: Results from the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-4 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Association between Visual Perception and Socioeconomic Status in Malaysian Preschool Children: Results from the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-4 |
| title_short | Association between Visual Perception and Socioeconomic Status in Malaysian Preschool Children: Results from the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-4 |
| title_sort | association between visual perception and socioeconomic status in malaysian preschool children results from the test of visual perceptual skills 4 |
| topic | preschool children Test of Visual Perception Skills—4th edition (TVPS-4) visual perception socioeconomic status |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/10/4/749 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mariahasem associationbetweenvisualperceptionandsocioeconomicstatusinmalaysianpreschoolchildrenresultsfromthetestofvisualperceptualskills4 AT sumithiranarayanasamy associationbetweenvisualperceptionandsocioeconomicstatusinmalaysianpreschoolchildrenresultsfromthetestofvisualperceptualskills4 AT mahadirahmad associationbetweenvisualperceptionandsocioeconomicstatusinmalaysianpreschoolchildrenresultsfromthetestofvisualperceptualskills4 AT masnekadar associationbetweenvisualperceptionandsocioeconomicstatusinmalaysianpreschoolchildrenresultsfromthetestofvisualperceptualskills4 AT mohdizzuddinhairol associationbetweenvisualperceptionandsocioeconomicstatusinmalaysianpreschoolchildrenresultsfromthetestofvisualperceptualskills4 |