Determination of the Most Efficient Household Technique for the Reduction of Pesticide Residues from Raw Fish Muscles
Substantial quantities of pesticides are routinely applied to enhance agricultural crop production. Pesticides used in this way continuously accumulate in the environment and in foods. Harvested crops contain pesticide residues at various concentrations, with potential harmful impacts on human healt...
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/9/1254 |
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| author | Md. Ariful Islam S. M. Nurul Amin Christopher L. Brown Abdul Shukor Juraimi Md. Kamal Uddin Aziz Arshad |
| author_facet | Md. Ariful Islam S. M. Nurul Amin Christopher L. Brown Abdul Shukor Juraimi Md. Kamal Uddin Aziz Arshad |
| author_sort | Md. Ariful Islam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Substantial quantities of pesticides are routinely applied to enhance agricultural crop production. Pesticides used in this way continuously accumulate in the environment and in foods. Harvested crops contain pesticide residues at various concentrations, with potential harmful impacts on human health. Hence, it is of value to identify techniques for the effective decontamination of tainted foods. However, cleaning with water or household agents, e.g., acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate, are recognized treatments for the efficient degradation of pesticides from vegetables and fruits. There is an apparent void of information about the decontamination treatments for raw fishes using household agents that are affordable for all classes of consumers. Hence, the present study was performed to determine the most efficient household technique for reducing pesticide residue levels from precooked raw fish to ensure the utmost food safety. Fish muscles of four species of fishes, viz., <i>Clarias gariepinus</i>, <i>Channa striatus</i>, <i>Anabas testudineus</i> and <i>Trichogaster trichopterus</i>, were treated with six treatments: washing with running tap water (T<sub>1</sub>), dipping in normal water (T<sub>2</sub>), dipping in 2% salt solution (T<sub>3</sub>), dipping in 2% vinegar (T<sub>4</sub>), dipping in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution (T<sub>5</sub>) as well as dipping in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution + 2% vinegar + 2% salt solution + lemon juice (T<sub>6</sub>), as fish muscle is the major consumable portion of fish. The current study demonstrated that the removal percentage of lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, endosulfan, dieldrin, endrin, DDT, methoxychlor and cypermethrin residues against the treated household treatments, in downward order, were soaking in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution + 2% vinegar + 2% salt solution + lemon juice solution (T<sub>6</sub>) > soaking in 2% vinegar (T<sub>4</sub>) solution > soaking in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate (T<sub>5</sub>) solution > soaking in 2% salt (T<sub>3</sub>) solution > washing with running tap water (T<sub>1</sub>) > soaking in stable normal water (T<sub>2</sub>). The treatment of raw fish muscle samples by soaking them in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution + 2% vinegar + 2% salt solution + lemon juice was found to be the most efficient household treatment, performing significant reductions (%) in pesticide concentration: 72–80% (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in <i>Channa striata</i>, 71–79% (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in <i>Clarias gariepinus</i>, 74–80% (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in <i>Anabas testudineus</i> as well as 78–81% (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in <i>Trichogaster trichopterus</i> before cooking. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:10:09Z |
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| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:10:09Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
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| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-5e7b26f4a12c45328045a95b8de4bc892023-11-23T08:12:54ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582022-04-01119125410.3390/foods11091254Determination of the Most Efficient Household Technique for the Reduction of Pesticide Residues from Raw Fish MusclesMd. Ariful Islam0S. M. Nurul Amin1Christopher L. Brown2Abdul Shukor Juraimi3Md. Kamal Uddin4Aziz Arshad5Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, MalaysiaDepartment of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, MalaysiaDepartment of Aquaculture, FAO World Fisheries University, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, KoreaDepartment of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, MalaysiaDepartment of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, MalaysiaDepartment of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, MalaysiaSubstantial quantities of pesticides are routinely applied to enhance agricultural crop production. Pesticides used in this way continuously accumulate in the environment and in foods. Harvested crops contain pesticide residues at various concentrations, with potential harmful impacts on human health. Hence, it is of value to identify techniques for the effective decontamination of tainted foods. However, cleaning with water or household agents, e.g., acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate, are recognized treatments for the efficient degradation of pesticides from vegetables and fruits. There is an apparent void of information about the decontamination treatments for raw fishes using household agents that are affordable for all classes of consumers. Hence, the present study was performed to determine the most efficient household technique for reducing pesticide residue levels from precooked raw fish to ensure the utmost food safety. Fish muscles of four species of fishes, viz., <i>Clarias gariepinus</i>, <i>Channa striatus</i>, <i>Anabas testudineus</i> and <i>Trichogaster trichopterus</i>, were treated with six treatments: washing with running tap water (T<sub>1</sub>), dipping in normal water (T<sub>2</sub>), dipping in 2% salt solution (T<sub>3</sub>), dipping in 2% vinegar (T<sub>4</sub>), dipping in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution (T<sub>5</sub>) as well as dipping in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution + 2% vinegar + 2% salt solution + lemon juice (T<sub>6</sub>), as fish muscle is the major consumable portion of fish. The current study demonstrated that the removal percentage of lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, endosulfan, dieldrin, endrin, DDT, methoxychlor and cypermethrin residues against the treated household treatments, in downward order, were soaking in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution + 2% vinegar + 2% salt solution + lemon juice solution (T<sub>6</sub>) > soaking in 2% vinegar (T<sub>4</sub>) solution > soaking in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate (T<sub>5</sub>) solution > soaking in 2% salt (T<sub>3</sub>) solution > washing with running tap water (T<sub>1</sub>) > soaking in stable normal water (T<sub>2</sub>). The treatment of raw fish muscle samples by soaking them in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution + 2% vinegar + 2% salt solution + lemon juice was found to be the most efficient household treatment, performing significant reductions (%) in pesticide concentration: 72–80% (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in <i>Channa striata</i>, 71–79% (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in <i>Clarias gariepinus</i>, 74–80% (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in <i>Anabas testudineus</i> as well as 78–81% (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in <i>Trichogaster trichopterus</i> before cooking.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/9/1254pesticidesraw fish musclehousehold treatmentsGC-ECDdecontaminationfood safety |
| spellingShingle | Md. Ariful Islam S. M. Nurul Amin Christopher L. Brown Abdul Shukor Juraimi Md. Kamal Uddin Aziz Arshad Determination of the Most Efficient Household Technique for the Reduction of Pesticide Residues from Raw Fish Muscles Foods pesticides raw fish muscle household treatments GC-ECD decontamination food safety |
| title | Determination of the Most Efficient Household Technique for the Reduction of Pesticide Residues from Raw Fish Muscles |
| title_full | Determination of the Most Efficient Household Technique for the Reduction of Pesticide Residues from Raw Fish Muscles |
| title_fullStr | Determination of the Most Efficient Household Technique for the Reduction of Pesticide Residues from Raw Fish Muscles |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determination of the Most Efficient Household Technique for the Reduction of Pesticide Residues from Raw Fish Muscles |
| title_short | Determination of the Most Efficient Household Technique for the Reduction of Pesticide Residues from Raw Fish Muscles |
| title_sort | determination of the most efficient household technique for the reduction of pesticide residues from raw fish muscles |
| topic | pesticides raw fish muscle household treatments GC-ECD decontamination food safety |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/9/1254 |
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