Population Characteristics, Symptoms, and Risk Factors of Idiopathic Chilblains: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression
Background: Chilblains/perniosis is a non-freezing cold injury causing painful inflammatory skin lesions. Its pathogenesis remains poorly understood because it is often studied as secondary to other underlying conditions. Methods: We systematically investigated the population characteristics, sympto...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-11-01
|
| Series: | Biology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/11/1651 |
| _version_ | 1797465841337368576 |
|---|---|
| author | Areti K. Kapnia Styliani Ziaka Leonidas G. Ioannou Irini Flouri Petros C. Dinas Andreas D. Flouris |
| author_facet | Areti K. Kapnia Styliani Ziaka Leonidas G. Ioannou Irini Flouri Petros C. Dinas Andreas D. Flouris |
| author_sort | Areti K. Kapnia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Chilblains/perniosis is a non-freezing cold injury causing painful inflammatory skin lesions. Its pathogenesis remains poorly understood because it is often studied as secondary to other underlying conditions. Methods: We systematically investigated the population characteristics, symptoms, and predisposing factors of chilblains in healthy adults exposed to cool/cold environments. We screened PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library, and we adopted PRISMA reporting guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD42021245307). The risk of bias was assessed by two independent reviewers (RTI item bank). Random-effects model meta-analyses were performed to calculate the pooled prevalence of histopathological features. Mixed-effects meta-regressions were used to assess other sources of between-study heterogeneity. Results: Thirteen studies (477 patients) were included. Chilblains affect more women than men, up to 12% of the body skin surface, and most frequently, the hands and fingers. Meta-analyses of nine studies (303 patients) showed a frequent presence of perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate (81%), basal epidermal-cell layer vacuolation (67%), papillary dermal edema (66%), and perieccrine lymphocytic infiltrate (57%). Meta-regressions (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) showed that smoking and frequent occupational exposure to water increase the likelihood of histopathological features. Conclusions: The population characteristics, symptoms, and predisposing factors of chilblains revealed in this analysis should be incorporated in medical care to improve the condition’s diagnosis and management. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:28:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5e9e1a41378b4e0dae293c8f14a67cec |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-7737 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:28:17Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-5e9e1a41378b4e0dae293c8f14a67cec2023-11-24T07:45:03ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372022-11-011111165110.3390/biology11111651Population Characteristics, Symptoms, and Risk Factors of Idiopathic Chilblains: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-RegressionAreti K. Kapnia0Styliani Ziaka1Leonidas G. Ioannou2Irini Flouri3Petros C. Dinas4Andreas D. Flouris5FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, GreeceFAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, GreeceFAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, GreeceDepartment of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Crete Medical School, 71500 Heraklion, GreeceFAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, GreeceFAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, GreeceBackground: Chilblains/perniosis is a non-freezing cold injury causing painful inflammatory skin lesions. Its pathogenesis remains poorly understood because it is often studied as secondary to other underlying conditions. Methods: We systematically investigated the population characteristics, symptoms, and predisposing factors of chilblains in healthy adults exposed to cool/cold environments. We screened PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library, and we adopted PRISMA reporting guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD42021245307). The risk of bias was assessed by two independent reviewers (RTI item bank). Random-effects model meta-analyses were performed to calculate the pooled prevalence of histopathological features. Mixed-effects meta-regressions were used to assess other sources of between-study heterogeneity. Results: Thirteen studies (477 patients) were included. Chilblains affect more women than men, up to 12% of the body skin surface, and most frequently, the hands and fingers. Meta-analyses of nine studies (303 patients) showed a frequent presence of perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate (81%), basal epidermal-cell layer vacuolation (67%), papillary dermal edema (66%), and perieccrine lymphocytic infiltrate (57%). Meta-regressions (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) showed that smoking and frequent occupational exposure to water increase the likelihood of histopathological features. Conclusions: The population characteristics, symptoms, and predisposing factors of chilblains revealed in this analysis should be incorporated in medical care to improve the condition’s diagnosis and management.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/11/1651perniosisprevalencehistopathological featuresoccupation |
| spellingShingle | Areti K. Kapnia Styliani Ziaka Leonidas G. Ioannou Irini Flouri Petros C. Dinas Andreas D. Flouris Population Characteristics, Symptoms, and Risk Factors of Idiopathic Chilblains: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression Biology perniosis prevalence histopathological features occupation |
| title | Population Characteristics, Symptoms, and Risk Factors of Idiopathic Chilblains: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression |
| title_full | Population Characteristics, Symptoms, and Risk Factors of Idiopathic Chilblains: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression |
| title_fullStr | Population Characteristics, Symptoms, and Risk Factors of Idiopathic Chilblains: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression |
| title_full_unstemmed | Population Characteristics, Symptoms, and Risk Factors of Idiopathic Chilblains: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression |
| title_short | Population Characteristics, Symptoms, and Risk Factors of Idiopathic Chilblains: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression |
| title_sort | population characteristics symptoms and risk factors of idiopathic chilblains a systematic review meta analysis and meta regression |
| topic | perniosis prevalence histopathological features occupation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/11/1651 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT aretikkapnia populationcharacteristicssymptomsandriskfactorsofidiopathicchilblainsasystematicreviewmetaanalysisandmetaregression AT stylianiziaka populationcharacteristicssymptomsandriskfactorsofidiopathicchilblainsasystematicreviewmetaanalysisandmetaregression AT leonidasgioannou populationcharacteristicssymptomsandriskfactorsofidiopathicchilblainsasystematicreviewmetaanalysisandmetaregression AT iriniflouri populationcharacteristicssymptomsandriskfactorsofidiopathicchilblainsasystematicreviewmetaanalysisandmetaregression AT petroscdinas populationcharacteristicssymptomsandriskfactorsofidiopathicchilblainsasystematicreviewmetaanalysisandmetaregression AT andreasdflouris populationcharacteristicssymptomsandriskfactorsofidiopathicchilblainsasystematicreviewmetaanalysisandmetaregression |