Targeting the Exoskeleton Elementome to Track Tick Geographic Origins
Understanding the origin of ticks is essential for evaluating the risk of tick-borne disease introduction into new territories. However, when collecting engorged ticks from a host, it is virtually impossible to identify the geographical location where this tick was acquired. Recently, the elementome...
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| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2020-09-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Physiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2020.572758/full |
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| author | Iván Pacheco Pelayo Acevedo Pelayo Acevedo Eduardo Prado Andrei Daniel Mihalca José de la Fuente José de la Fuente |
| author_facet | Iván Pacheco Pelayo Acevedo Pelayo Acevedo Eduardo Prado Andrei Daniel Mihalca José de la Fuente José de la Fuente |
| author_sort | Iván Pacheco |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Understanding the origin of ticks is essential for evaluating the risk of tick-borne disease introduction into new territories. However, when collecting engorged ticks from a host, it is virtually impossible to identify the geographical location where this tick was acquired. Recently, the elementome of tick exoskeleton was characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis (EDS). The objective of our preliminary proof-of-concept study was to evaluate the use of SEM-EDS for the analysis of tick exoskeleton elementome to gain insight into the tick geographic and host origin. For this preliminary analysis we used 10 samples of engorged ticks (larvae and nymphs of six species from three genera) collected from various resident hosts and locations. The elementome of the tick exoskeleton was characterized in dorsal and ventral parts with three scans on each part using an EDS 80 mm2 detector at 15 kV in a field emission scanning electron microscope. We used principal component analysis (PCA) (varimax rotation) to reduce the redundancy of data under the premise of losing information as little as possible. The PCA was used to test whether the different variables (tick species, stages, hosts, or geographic locations) differ in the composition of exoskeleton elementome (C, O, P, Cl, and Na). Analyses were carried out using SPSS. The PCA analysis explained a high percentage of variance using the first two factors, C and O (86.13%). The first PC (PC-1; 63.12%) was positively related to P, Cl, and Na, and negatively related to C. The second principal component (23.01%) was mainly positively related to C. In the space defined by the two extracted PC (PC-1 and PC-2), the elementome of tick samples was clearly associated with tick species, but not with developmental stages, hosts or geographic locations. A differentiated elementome pattern was observed within Romanian regions (CJ and TL) for the same tick species. The use of the SEM-EDS methodological approach provided additional information about the tick exoskeleton elementome with possible applications to the identification of tick origin host and location. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T23:38:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5ea0196d7d454f699b1c1a1f90931797 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-042X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T23:38:03Z |
| publishDate | 2020-09-01 |
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| series | Frontiers in Physiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-5ea0196d7d454f699b1c1a1f909317972022-12-22T00:07:19ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Physiology1664-042X2020-09-011110.3389/fphys.2020.572758572758Targeting the Exoskeleton Elementome to Track Tick Geographic OriginsIván Pacheco0Pelayo Acevedo1Pelayo Acevedo2Eduardo Prado3Andrei Daniel Mihalca4José de la Fuente5José de la Fuente6SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, SpainSaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, SpainEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, SpainDepartment of Applied Physics, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, SpainDepartment of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaSaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, SpainDepartment of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United StatesUnderstanding the origin of ticks is essential for evaluating the risk of tick-borne disease introduction into new territories. However, when collecting engorged ticks from a host, it is virtually impossible to identify the geographical location where this tick was acquired. Recently, the elementome of tick exoskeleton was characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis (EDS). The objective of our preliminary proof-of-concept study was to evaluate the use of SEM-EDS for the analysis of tick exoskeleton elementome to gain insight into the tick geographic and host origin. For this preliminary analysis we used 10 samples of engorged ticks (larvae and nymphs of six species from three genera) collected from various resident hosts and locations. The elementome of the tick exoskeleton was characterized in dorsal and ventral parts with three scans on each part using an EDS 80 mm2 detector at 15 kV in a field emission scanning electron microscope. We used principal component analysis (PCA) (varimax rotation) to reduce the redundancy of data under the premise of losing information as little as possible. The PCA was used to test whether the different variables (tick species, stages, hosts, or geographic locations) differ in the composition of exoskeleton elementome (C, O, P, Cl, and Na). Analyses were carried out using SPSS. The PCA analysis explained a high percentage of variance using the first two factors, C and O (86.13%). The first PC (PC-1; 63.12%) was positively related to P, Cl, and Na, and negatively related to C. The second principal component (23.01%) was mainly positively related to C. In the space defined by the two extracted PC (PC-1 and PC-2), the elementome of tick samples was clearly associated with tick species, but not with developmental stages, hosts or geographic locations. A differentiated elementome pattern was observed within Romanian regions (CJ and TL) for the same tick species. The use of the SEM-EDS methodological approach provided additional information about the tick exoskeleton elementome with possible applications to the identification of tick origin host and location.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2020.572758/fulltickexoskeletonenergy dispersive spectroscopyelementomicsSEM |
| spellingShingle | Iván Pacheco Pelayo Acevedo Pelayo Acevedo Eduardo Prado Andrei Daniel Mihalca José de la Fuente José de la Fuente Targeting the Exoskeleton Elementome to Track Tick Geographic Origins Frontiers in Physiology tick exoskeleton energy dispersive spectroscopy elementomics SEM |
| title | Targeting the Exoskeleton Elementome to Track Tick Geographic Origins |
| title_full | Targeting the Exoskeleton Elementome to Track Tick Geographic Origins |
| title_fullStr | Targeting the Exoskeleton Elementome to Track Tick Geographic Origins |
| title_full_unstemmed | Targeting the Exoskeleton Elementome to Track Tick Geographic Origins |
| title_short | Targeting the Exoskeleton Elementome to Track Tick Geographic Origins |
| title_sort | targeting the exoskeleton elementome to track tick geographic origins |
| topic | tick exoskeleton energy dispersive spectroscopy elementomics SEM |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2020.572758/full |
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