The Vault Nanoparticle: A Gigantic Ribonucleoprotein Assembly Involved in Diverse Physiological and Pathological Phenomena and an Ideal Nanovector for Drug Delivery and Therapy
The vault nanoparticle is a eukaryotic ribonucleoprotein complex consisting of 78 individual 97 kDa-“major vault protein” (MVP) molecules that form two symmetrical, cup-shaped, hollow halves. It has a huge size (72.5 × 41 × 41 nm) and an internal cavity, wherein the vault poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Cancers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/4/707 |
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| author | Gianni Frascotti Elisabetta Galbiati Matteo Mazzucchelli Maria Pozzi Lucia Salvioni Jacopo Vertemara Paolo Tortora |
| author_facet | Gianni Frascotti Elisabetta Galbiati Matteo Mazzucchelli Maria Pozzi Lucia Salvioni Jacopo Vertemara Paolo Tortora |
| author_sort | Gianni Frascotti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The vault nanoparticle is a eukaryotic ribonucleoprotein complex consisting of 78 individual 97 kDa-“major vault protein” (MVP) molecules that form two symmetrical, cup-shaped, hollow halves. It has a huge size (72.5 × 41 × 41 nm) and an internal cavity, wherein the vault poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (vPARP), telomerase-associated protein-1 (TEP1), and some small untranslated RNAs are accommodated. Plenty of literature reports on the biological role(s) of this nanocomplex, as well as its involvement in diseases, mostly oncological ones. Nevertheless, much has still to be understood as to how vault participates in normal and pathological mechanisms. In this comprehensive review, current understanding of its biological roles is discussed. By different mechanisms, vault’s individual components are involved in major cellular phenomena, which result in protection against cellular stresses, such as DNA-damaging agents, irradiation, hypoxia, hyperosmotic, and oxidative conditions. These diverse cellular functions are accomplished by different mechanisms, mainly gene expression reprogramming, activation of proliferative/prosurvival signaling pathways, export from the nucleus of DNA-damaging drugs, and import of specific proteins. The cellular functions of this nanocomplex may also result in the onset of pathological conditions, mainly (but not exclusively) tumor proliferation and multidrug resistance. The current understanding of its biological roles in physiological and pathological processes should also provide new hints to extend the scope of its exploitation as a nanocarrier for drug delivery. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:59:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5ea7d15c345544c4acdcb1704e4024b5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6694 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:59:02Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cancers |
| spelling | doaj.art-5ea7d15c345544c4acdcb1704e4024b52023-12-03T13:02:36ZengMDPI AGCancers2072-66942021-02-0113470710.3390/cancers13040707The Vault Nanoparticle: A Gigantic Ribonucleoprotein Assembly Involved in Diverse Physiological and Pathological Phenomena and an Ideal Nanovector for Drug Delivery and TherapyGianni Frascotti0Elisabetta Galbiati1Matteo Mazzucchelli2Maria Pozzi3Lucia Salvioni4Jacopo Vertemara5Paolo Tortora6Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, ItalyDepartment of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, ItalyDepartment of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, ItalyDepartment of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, ItalyDepartment of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, ItalyDepartment of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, ItalyDepartment of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, ItalyThe vault nanoparticle is a eukaryotic ribonucleoprotein complex consisting of 78 individual 97 kDa-“major vault protein” (MVP) molecules that form two symmetrical, cup-shaped, hollow halves. It has a huge size (72.5 × 41 × 41 nm) and an internal cavity, wherein the vault poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (vPARP), telomerase-associated protein-1 (TEP1), and some small untranslated RNAs are accommodated. Plenty of literature reports on the biological role(s) of this nanocomplex, as well as its involvement in diseases, mostly oncological ones. Nevertheless, much has still to be understood as to how vault participates in normal and pathological mechanisms. In this comprehensive review, current understanding of its biological roles is discussed. By different mechanisms, vault’s individual components are involved in major cellular phenomena, which result in protection against cellular stresses, such as DNA-damaging agents, irradiation, hypoxia, hyperosmotic, and oxidative conditions. These diverse cellular functions are accomplished by different mechanisms, mainly gene expression reprogramming, activation of proliferative/prosurvival signaling pathways, export from the nucleus of DNA-damaging drugs, and import of specific proteins. The cellular functions of this nanocomplex may also result in the onset of pathological conditions, mainly (but not exclusively) tumor proliferation and multidrug resistance. The current understanding of its biological roles in physiological and pathological processes should also provide new hints to extend the scope of its exploitation as a nanocarrier for drug delivery.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/4/707vault nanoparticlemajor vault protein (MVP)multidrug resistance (MDR)nanomedicine |
| spellingShingle | Gianni Frascotti Elisabetta Galbiati Matteo Mazzucchelli Maria Pozzi Lucia Salvioni Jacopo Vertemara Paolo Tortora The Vault Nanoparticle: A Gigantic Ribonucleoprotein Assembly Involved in Diverse Physiological and Pathological Phenomena and an Ideal Nanovector for Drug Delivery and Therapy Cancers vault nanoparticle major vault protein (MVP) multidrug resistance (MDR) nanomedicine |
| title | The Vault Nanoparticle: A Gigantic Ribonucleoprotein Assembly Involved in Diverse Physiological and Pathological Phenomena and an Ideal Nanovector for Drug Delivery and Therapy |
| title_full | The Vault Nanoparticle: A Gigantic Ribonucleoprotein Assembly Involved in Diverse Physiological and Pathological Phenomena and an Ideal Nanovector for Drug Delivery and Therapy |
| title_fullStr | The Vault Nanoparticle: A Gigantic Ribonucleoprotein Assembly Involved in Diverse Physiological and Pathological Phenomena and an Ideal Nanovector for Drug Delivery and Therapy |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Vault Nanoparticle: A Gigantic Ribonucleoprotein Assembly Involved in Diverse Physiological and Pathological Phenomena and an Ideal Nanovector for Drug Delivery and Therapy |
| title_short | The Vault Nanoparticle: A Gigantic Ribonucleoprotein Assembly Involved in Diverse Physiological and Pathological Phenomena and an Ideal Nanovector for Drug Delivery and Therapy |
| title_sort | vault nanoparticle a gigantic ribonucleoprotein assembly involved in diverse physiological and pathological phenomena and an ideal nanovector for drug delivery and therapy |
| topic | vault nanoparticle major vault protein (MVP) multidrug resistance (MDR) nanomedicine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/4/707 |
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