Aircraft-engine particulate matter emissions from conventional and sustainable aviation fuel combustion: comparison of measurement techniques for mass, number, and size
<p>Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) have different compositions compared to conventional petroleum jet fuels, particularly in terms of fuel sulfur and hydrocarbon content. These differences may change the amount and physicochemical properties of volatile and non-volatile particulate matter (n...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Copernicus Publications
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Atmospheric Measurement Techniques |
| Online Access: | https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/15/3223/2022/amt-15-3223-2022.pdf |
| _version_ | 1811324858608386048 |
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| author | J. C. Corbin T. Schripp B. E. Anderson G. J. Smallwood P. LeClercq E. C. Crosbie E. C. Crosbie S. Achterberg P. D. Whitefield R. C. Miake-Lye Z. Yu A. Freedman M. Trueblood D. Satterfield W. Liu P. Oßwald C. Robinson C. Robinson M. A. Shook R. H. Moore P. Lobo |
| author_facet | J. C. Corbin T. Schripp B. E. Anderson G. J. Smallwood P. LeClercq E. C. Crosbie E. C. Crosbie S. Achterberg P. D. Whitefield R. C. Miake-Lye Z. Yu A. Freedman M. Trueblood D. Satterfield W. Liu P. Oßwald C. Robinson C. Robinson M. A. Shook R. H. Moore P. Lobo |
| author_sort | J. C. Corbin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) have different compositions compared to conventional petroleum jet fuels, particularly in terms of fuel sulfur and hydrocarbon content. These differences may change the amount and physicochemical properties of volatile and non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) emitted by aircraft engines. In this study, we evaluate whether comparable nvPM measurement techniques respond similarly to nvPM produced by three blends of SAFs compared to three conventional fuels. Multiple SAF blends and conventional (Jet A-1) jet fuels were combusted in a V2527-A5 engine, while an additional conventional fuel (JP-8) was combusted in a CFM56-2C1 engine.</p>
<p>We evaluated nvPM mass concentration measured by three real-time measurement techniques: photoacoustic spectroscopy, laser-induced incandescence, and the extinction-minus-scattering technique. Various commercial instruments were tested, including three laser-induced incandescence (LII) 300s, one photoacoustic extinctiometer (PAX), one micro soot sensor (MSS+), and two cavity-attenuated phase shift PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>SSA</sub></span> (CAPS PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>SSA</sub></span>) instruments. Mass-based emission indices (EI<span class="inline-formula"><sub>m</sub></span>) reported by these techniques were similar, falling within 30 % of their geometric mean for EI<span class="inline-formula"><sub>m</sub></span> above 100 mg per kg fuel (approximately 10 <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>g PM m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−3</sup></span> at the instrument); this geometric mean was therefore used as a reference value. Additionally, two integrative measurement techniques were evaluated: filter photometry and particle size distribution (PSD) integration. The commercial instruments used were one tricolor absorption photometer (TAP), one particle soot absorption photometer (PSAP), and two scanning mobility particle sizers (SMPSs). The TAP and PSAP were operated at 5 % and 10 % of their nominal flow rates, respectively, to extend the life of their filters. These techniques are used in specific applications, such as on board research aircraft to determine particulate matter (PM) emissions at cruise. EI<span class="inline-formula"><sub>m</sub></span> reported by the alternative techniques fell within approximately 50 % of the mean aerosol-phase EI<span class="inline-formula"><sub>m</sub></span>.</p>
<p>In addition, we measured PM-number-based emission indices using PSDs and
condensation particle counters (CPCs). The commercial instruments used included TSI SMPSs, a Cambustion differential mobility spectrometer (DMS500), and an AVL particle counter (APC), and the data also fell within approximately 50 % of their geometric mean. The number-based emission indices were highly sensitive to the accuracy of the sampling-line
penetration functions applied as corrections. In contrast, the EI<span class="inline-formula"><sub>m</sub></span> data
were less sensitive to those corrections since a smaller volume fraction
fell within the size range where corrections were substantial. A separate,
dedicated experiment also showed that the operating laser fluence used in
the LII 300 laser-induced incandescence instrument for aircraft-engine nvPM
measurement is adequate for a range of SAF blends investigated in this
study. Overall, we conclude that all tested instruments are suitable for the measurement of nvPM emissions from the combustion of SAF blends in aircraft engines.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T14:21:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5eb7a44f06544065b44e459eadbf171c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1867-1381 1867-8548 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T14:21:45Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmospheric Measurement Techniques |
| spelling | doaj.art-5eb7a44f06544065b44e459eadbf171c2022-12-22T02:43:25ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Measurement Techniques1867-13811867-85482022-05-01153223324210.5194/amt-15-3223-2022Aircraft-engine particulate matter emissions from conventional and sustainable aviation fuel combustion: comparison of measurement techniques for mass, number, and sizeJ. C. Corbin0T. Schripp1B. E. Anderson2G. J. Smallwood3P. LeClercq4E. C. Crosbie5E. C. Crosbie6S. Achterberg7P. D. Whitefield8R. C. Miake-Lye9Z. Yu10A. Freedman11M. Trueblood12D. Satterfield13W. Liu14P. Oßwald15C. Robinson16C. Robinson17M. A. Shook18R. H. Moore19P. Lobo20Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaGerman Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Combustion Technology, Stuttgart, GermanyNASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USAMetrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaGerman Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Combustion Technology, Stuttgart, GermanyNASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USAScience Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia, USACenter of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USACenter of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USAAerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts, USAAerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts, USAAerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts, USACenter of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USACenter of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USACenter of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USAGerman Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Combustion Technology, Stuttgart, GermanyNASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USAScience Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia, USANASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USANASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USAMetrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada<p>Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) have different compositions compared to conventional petroleum jet fuels, particularly in terms of fuel sulfur and hydrocarbon content. These differences may change the amount and physicochemical properties of volatile and non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) emitted by aircraft engines. In this study, we evaluate whether comparable nvPM measurement techniques respond similarly to nvPM produced by three blends of SAFs compared to three conventional fuels. Multiple SAF blends and conventional (Jet A-1) jet fuels were combusted in a V2527-A5 engine, while an additional conventional fuel (JP-8) was combusted in a CFM56-2C1 engine.</p> <p>We evaluated nvPM mass concentration measured by three real-time measurement techniques: photoacoustic spectroscopy, laser-induced incandescence, and the extinction-minus-scattering technique. Various commercial instruments were tested, including three laser-induced incandescence (LII) 300s, one photoacoustic extinctiometer (PAX), one micro soot sensor (MSS+), and two cavity-attenuated phase shift PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>SSA</sub></span> (CAPS PM<span class="inline-formula"><sub>SSA</sub></span>) instruments. Mass-based emission indices (EI<span class="inline-formula"><sub>m</sub></span>) reported by these techniques were similar, falling within 30 % of their geometric mean for EI<span class="inline-formula"><sub>m</sub></span> above 100 mg per kg fuel (approximately 10 <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>g PM m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−3</sup></span> at the instrument); this geometric mean was therefore used as a reference value. Additionally, two integrative measurement techniques were evaluated: filter photometry and particle size distribution (PSD) integration. The commercial instruments used were one tricolor absorption photometer (TAP), one particle soot absorption photometer (PSAP), and two scanning mobility particle sizers (SMPSs). The TAP and PSAP were operated at 5 % and 10 % of their nominal flow rates, respectively, to extend the life of their filters. These techniques are used in specific applications, such as on board research aircraft to determine particulate matter (PM) emissions at cruise. EI<span class="inline-formula"><sub>m</sub></span> reported by the alternative techniques fell within approximately 50 % of the mean aerosol-phase EI<span class="inline-formula"><sub>m</sub></span>.</p> <p>In addition, we measured PM-number-based emission indices using PSDs and condensation particle counters (CPCs). The commercial instruments used included TSI SMPSs, a Cambustion differential mobility spectrometer (DMS500), and an AVL particle counter (APC), and the data also fell within approximately 50 % of their geometric mean. The number-based emission indices were highly sensitive to the accuracy of the sampling-line penetration functions applied as corrections. In contrast, the EI<span class="inline-formula"><sub>m</sub></span> data were less sensitive to those corrections since a smaller volume fraction fell within the size range where corrections were substantial. A separate, dedicated experiment also showed that the operating laser fluence used in the LII 300 laser-induced incandescence instrument for aircraft-engine nvPM measurement is adequate for a range of SAF blends investigated in this study. Overall, we conclude that all tested instruments are suitable for the measurement of nvPM emissions from the combustion of SAF blends in aircraft engines.</p>https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/15/3223/2022/amt-15-3223-2022.pdf |
| spellingShingle | J. C. Corbin T. Schripp B. E. Anderson G. J. Smallwood P. LeClercq E. C. Crosbie E. C. Crosbie S. Achterberg P. D. Whitefield R. C. Miake-Lye Z. Yu A. Freedman M. Trueblood D. Satterfield W. Liu P. Oßwald C. Robinson C. Robinson M. A. Shook R. H. Moore P. Lobo Aircraft-engine particulate matter emissions from conventional and sustainable aviation fuel combustion: comparison of measurement techniques for mass, number, and size Atmospheric Measurement Techniques |
| title | Aircraft-engine particulate matter emissions from conventional and sustainable aviation fuel combustion: comparison of measurement techniques for mass, number, and size |
| title_full | Aircraft-engine particulate matter emissions from conventional and sustainable aviation fuel combustion: comparison of measurement techniques for mass, number, and size |
| title_fullStr | Aircraft-engine particulate matter emissions from conventional and sustainable aviation fuel combustion: comparison of measurement techniques for mass, number, and size |
| title_full_unstemmed | Aircraft-engine particulate matter emissions from conventional and sustainable aviation fuel combustion: comparison of measurement techniques for mass, number, and size |
| title_short | Aircraft-engine particulate matter emissions from conventional and sustainable aviation fuel combustion: comparison of measurement techniques for mass, number, and size |
| title_sort | aircraft engine particulate matter emissions from conventional and sustainable aviation fuel combustion comparison of measurement techniques for mass number and size |
| url | https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/15/3223/2022/amt-15-3223-2022.pdf |
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