Spatio-Temporal Variations of Precipitable Water Vapor and Horizontal Tropospheric Gradients from GPS during Typhoon Lekima
GPS data during Typhoon Lekima at 700 stations in China were processed by the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) method. A refined regional T<sub>m</sub> model was used to derive the precipitable water vapor (PWV) at these GPS stations. Spatio-temporal variations of PWV with the typhoon pro...
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/20/4082 |
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| author | Manhong Tu Weixing Zhang Jingna Bai Di Wu Hong Liang Yidong Lou |
| author_facet | Manhong Tu Weixing Zhang Jingna Bai Di Wu Hong Liang Yidong Lou |
| author_sort | Manhong Tu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | GPS data during Typhoon Lekima at 700 stations in China were processed by the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) method. A refined regional T<sub>m</sub> model was used to derive the precipitable water vapor (PWV) at these GPS stations. Spatio-temporal variations of PWV with the typhoon process were analyzed. As the typhoon approached, PWV at stations near the typhoon center increased sharply from about 50 mm to nearly 80 mm and then dropped back to about 40–50 mm as the typhoon left. Comparisons of GPS, radiosonde, the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) Global Forecast System (GFS) analysis products and ERA5 reanalysis products at four matched GPS-RS stations show overall overestimations of PWV from radiosonde, GFS and ERA5 compared with GPS in a statistical perspective. An empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) analysis of the PWV during the typhoon event revealed some different patterns of variability, with both the first EOF (~36.1% of variance) and second EOF (~30.3% of variance) showing distinctively large anomalies over the typhoon landing locations. The typhoon caused a large horizontal tropospheric gradient (HTG) with the magnitude reaching 5 mm and the direction pointing to the typhoon center when it made a landfall on mainland China. The magnitude and the consistency of the HTG direction decreased overall as the typhoon weakened. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:14:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5ebe715624f44a77ae3a37a5f031f4bd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:14:15Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-5ebe715624f44a77ae3a37a5f031f4bd2023-11-22T19:53:53ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922021-10-011320408210.3390/rs13204082Spatio-Temporal Variations of Precipitable Water Vapor and Horizontal Tropospheric Gradients from GPS during Typhoon LekimaManhong Tu0Weixing Zhang1Jingna Bai2Di Wu3Hong Liang4Yidong Lou5Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, ChinaGNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, ChinaGNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, ChinaKey Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Environment Change and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, ChinaMeteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, ChinaGNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, ChinaGPS data during Typhoon Lekima at 700 stations in China were processed by the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) method. A refined regional T<sub>m</sub> model was used to derive the precipitable water vapor (PWV) at these GPS stations. Spatio-temporal variations of PWV with the typhoon process were analyzed. As the typhoon approached, PWV at stations near the typhoon center increased sharply from about 50 mm to nearly 80 mm and then dropped back to about 40–50 mm as the typhoon left. Comparisons of GPS, radiosonde, the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) Global Forecast System (GFS) analysis products and ERA5 reanalysis products at four matched GPS-RS stations show overall overestimations of PWV from radiosonde, GFS and ERA5 compared with GPS in a statistical perspective. An empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) analysis of the PWV during the typhoon event revealed some different patterns of variability, with both the first EOF (~36.1% of variance) and second EOF (~30.3% of variance) showing distinctively large anomalies over the typhoon landing locations. The typhoon caused a large horizontal tropospheric gradient (HTG) with the magnitude reaching 5 mm and the direction pointing to the typhoon center when it made a landfall on mainland China. The magnitude and the consistency of the HTG direction decreased overall as the typhoon weakened.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/20/4082GPSPWVHTGspatio-temporal variationsTyphoon Lekima |
| spellingShingle | Manhong Tu Weixing Zhang Jingna Bai Di Wu Hong Liang Yidong Lou Spatio-Temporal Variations of Precipitable Water Vapor and Horizontal Tropospheric Gradients from GPS during Typhoon Lekima Remote Sensing GPS PWV HTG spatio-temporal variations Typhoon Lekima |
| title | Spatio-Temporal Variations of Precipitable Water Vapor and Horizontal Tropospheric Gradients from GPS during Typhoon Lekima |
| title_full | Spatio-Temporal Variations of Precipitable Water Vapor and Horizontal Tropospheric Gradients from GPS during Typhoon Lekima |
| title_fullStr | Spatio-Temporal Variations of Precipitable Water Vapor and Horizontal Tropospheric Gradients from GPS during Typhoon Lekima |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatio-Temporal Variations of Precipitable Water Vapor and Horizontal Tropospheric Gradients from GPS during Typhoon Lekima |
| title_short | Spatio-Temporal Variations of Precipitable Water Vapor and Horizontal Tropospheric Gradients from GPS during Typhoon Lekima |
| title_sort | spatio temporal variations of precipitable water vapor and horizontal tropospheric gradients from gps during typhoon lekima |
| topic | GPS PWV HTG spatio-temporal variations Typhoon Lekima |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/20/4082 |
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