A Comprehensive Review of Pediatric Acute Encephalopathy
Acute encephalopathy typically affects previously healthy children and often results in death or severe neurological sequelae. Acute encephalopathy is a group of multiple syndromes characterized by various clinical symptoms, such as loss of consciousness, motor and sensory impairments, and status co...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-10-01
|
| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/19/5921 |
| _version_ | 1797478473730621440 |
|---|---|
| author | George Imataka Shigeko Kuwashima Shigemi Yoshihara |
| author_facet | George Imataka Shigeko Kuwashima Shigemi Yoshihara |
| author_sort | George Imataka |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Acute encephalopathy typically affects previously healthy children and often results in death or severe neurological sequelae. Acute encephalopathy is a group of multiple syndromes characterized by various clinical symptoms, such as loss of consciousness, motor and sensory impairments, and status convulsions. However, there is not only localized encephalopathy but also progression from localized to secondary extensive encephalopathy and to encephalopathy, resulting in a heterogeneous clinical picture. Acute encephalopathy diagnosis has advanced over the years as a result of various causes such as infections, epilepsy, cerebrovascular disorders, electrolyte abnormalities, and medication use, and new types of acute encephalopathies have been identified. In recent years, various tools, including neuroradiological diagnosis, have been developed as methods for analyzing heterogeneous acute encephalopathy. Encephalopathy caused by genetic abnormalities such as CPT2 and SCN1A is also being studied. Researchers were able not only to classify acute encephalopathy from image diagnosis to typology by adjusting the diffusion-weighted imaging/ADC value in magnetic resonance imaging diffusion-weighted images but also fully comprehend the pathogenesis of vascular and cellular edema. Acute encephalopathy is known as a very devastating disease both medically and socially because there are many cases where lifesaving is sometimes difficult. The overall picture of childhood acute encephalopathy is becoming clearer with the emergence of the new acute encephalopathies. Treatment methods such as steroid pulse therapy, immunotherapy, brain hypothermia, and temperature control therapy have also advanced. Acute encephalopathy in children is the result of our predecessor’s zealous pursuit of knowledge. It is reasonable to say that it is a field that has advanced dramatically over the years. We would like to provide a comprehensive review of a pediatric acute encephalopathy, highlighting advancements in diagnosis and treatment based on changing disease classification scenarios from the most recent clinical data. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:33:20Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5eccc756f894473eb262fe5d40e92523 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:33:20Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-5eccc756f894473eb262fe5d40e925232023-11-23T20:51:03ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832022-10-011119592110.3390/jcm11195921A Comprehensive Review of Pediatric Acute EncephalopathyGeorge Imataka0Shigeko Kuwashima1Shigemi Yoshihara2Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, JapanDepartment of Radiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, JapanDepartment of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, JapanAcute encephalopathy typically affects previously healthy children and often results in death or severe neurological sequelae. Acute encephalopathy is a group of multiple syndromes characterized by various clinical symptoms, such as loss of consciousness, motor and sensory impairments, and status convulsions. However, there is not only localized encephalopathy but also progression from localized to secondary extensive encephalopathy and to encephalopathy, resulting in a heterogeneous clinical picture. Acute encephalopathy diagnosis has advanced over the years as a result of various causes such as infections, epilepsy, cerebrovascular disorders, electrolyte abnormalities, and medication use, and new types of acute encephalopathies have been identified. In recent years, various tools, including neuroradiological diagnosis, have been developed as methods for analyzing heterogeneous acute encephalopathy. Encephalopathy caused by genetic abnormalities such as CPT2 and SCN1A is also being studied. Researchers were able not only to classify acute encephalopathy from image diagnosis to typology by adjusting the diffusion-weighted imaging/ADC value in magnetic resonance imaging diffusion-weighted images but also fully comprehend the pathogenesis of vascular and cellular edema. Acute encephalopathy is known as a very devastating disease both medically and socially because there are many cases where lifesaving is sometimes difficult. The overall picture of childhood acute encephalopathy is becoming clearer with the emergence of the new acute encephalopathies. Treatment methods such as steroid pulse therapy, immunotherapy, brain hypothermia, and temperature control therapy have also advanced. Acute encephalopathy in children is the result of our predecessor’s zealous pursuit of knowledge. It is reasonable to say that it is a field that has advanced dramatically over the years. We would like to provide a comprehensive review of a pediatric acute encephalopathy, highlighting advancements in diagnosis and treatment based on changing disease classification scenarios from the most recent clinical data.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/19/5921acute encephalopathyconvulsionspediatricsbrain hypothermia |
| spellingShingle | George Imataka Shigeko Kuwashima Shigemi Yoshihara A Comprehensive Review of Pediatric Acute Encephalopathy Journal of Clinical Medicine acute encephalopathy convulsions pediatrics brain hypothermia |
| title | A Comprehensive Review of Pediatric Acute Encephalopathy |
| title_full | A Comprehensive Review of Pediatric Acute Encephalopathy |
| title_fullStr | A Comprehensive Review of Pediatric Acute Encephalopathy |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Comprehensive Review of Pediatric Acute Encephalopathy |
| title_short | A Comprehensive Review of Pediatric Acute Encephalopathy |
| title_sort | comprehensive review of pediatric acute encephalopathy |
| topic | acute encephalopathy convulsions pediatrics brain hypothermia |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/19/5921 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT georgeimataka acomprehensivereviewofpediatricacuteencephalopathy AT shigekokuwashima acomprehensivereviewofpediatricacuteencephalopathy AT shigemiyoshihara acomprehensivereviewofpediatricacuteencephalopathy AT georgeimataka comprehensivereviewofpediatricacuteencephalopathy AT shigekokuwashima comprehensivereviewofpediatricacuteencephalopathy AT shigemiyoshihara comprehensivereviewofpediatricacuteencephalopathy |