Higher blood cotinine level is associated with worse cognitive functioning in non-smoking older adults
IntroductionSecondhand smoke (SHS) is common in older adults; however, its cognitive effect is unclear. We aimed to examine the association between serum cotinine level and cognitive functioning among non-smoking older adults.Materials and methodsA total of 2,703 older adults aged 60 and above from...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Neuroscience |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2022.1080066/full |
| _version_ | 1811305332096368640 |
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| author | Zhenmei Fu Guiye Qi Zhe Qu Xuechun Lin Li Xu Biyu Shen Fanghong Dong Song Ge |
| author_facet | Zhenmei Fu Guiye Qi Zhe Qu Xuechun Lin Li Xu Biyu Shen Fanghong Dong Song Ge |
| author_sort | Zhenmei Fu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionSecondhand smoke (SHS) is common in older adults; however, its cognitive effect is unclear. We aimed to examine the association between serum cotinine level and cognitive functioning among non-smoking older adults.Materials and methodsA total of 2,703 older adults aged 60 and above from the National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES) Survey 2011–2014 were included. Serum cotinine level was analyzed in the laboratory. A level ≤10 ng/ml and a response of “no” to the question “Do you currently smoke?” were used to select non-smokers. Cognitive functioning was measured using the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s disease Word Learning subtest (CERAD-WL) immediate and delayed recall tests, the Animal Fluency test (AFT), and the Digit Symbol Substitution test (DSST). Multivariable linear regression models were constructed to examine the association between serum cotinine level quartile and test-specific and global cognition z scores adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, education, depressive symptoms, body mass index, alcohol use, smoking history, prevalent coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and systolic blood pressure.ResultsAbout half of the participants (mean age 70.5 years) were female (53.6%), non-Hispanic White (48.3%), and completed some college and above (50.2%). Multivariate linear regressions with a reference group being those in the 1st quantile (lowest) showed that participants in the 4th quartile (highest) of serum cotinine level had lower immediate recall [β = −0.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.29, −0.03], AFT (β = −0.19, 95% CI = −0.33, −0.05), DSST (β = −0.27, 95% CI = −0.39, −0.15), and global cognition (β = −0.26, 95% CI = −0.39, −0.14) z scores. Participants in the 3rd quartile had lower immediate recall (β = −0.16, 95% CI = −0.30, −0.02) and global cognition (β = −0.16, 95% CI = −0.29, −0.02) z scores. Participants in the 2nd quartile had lower delayed recall z scores (β = −0.16, 95% CI = −0.29, −0.02).ConclusionHigher serum cotinine level was associated with worse cognitive functioning in non-smoking older adults. Prevention and reduction of SHS in older adults may help protect their cognitive functioning. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T08:23:33Z |
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| id | doaj.art-5ed12e4df3d34b61ad761de8364f7611 |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T08:23:33Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-5ed12e4df3d34b61ad761de8364f76112022-12-22T02:54:33ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neuroscience1662-453X2022-11-011610.3389/fnins.2022.10800661080066Higher blood cotinine level is associated with worse cognitive functioning in non-smoking older adultsZhenmei Fu0Guiye Qi1Zhe Qu2Xuechun Lin3Li Xu4Biyu Shen5Fanghong Dong6Song Ge7Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, ChinaDepartment of Medical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, ChinaSchool of Nursing, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, ChinaDepartment of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, ChinaDepartment of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, ChinaDepartment of Nursing, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, ChinaSchool of Nursing, Hebei University, Baoding, ChinaDepartment of Natural Sciences, University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, TX, United StatesIntroductionSecondhand smoke (SHS) is common in older adults; however, its cognitive effect is unclear. We aimed to examine the association between serum cotinine level and cognitive functioning among non-smoking older adults.Materials and methodsA total of 2,703 older adults aged 60 and above from the National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES) Survey 2011–2014 were included. Serum cotinine level was analyzed in the laboratory. A level ≤10 ng/ml and a response of “no” to the question “Do you currently smoke?” were used to select non-smokers. Cognitive functioning was measured using the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s disease Word Learning subtest (CERAD-WL) immediate and delayed recall tests, the Animal Fluency test (AFT), and the Digit Symbol Substitution test (DSST). Multivariable linear regression models were constructed to examine the association between serum cotinine level quartile and test-specific and global cognition z scores adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, education, depressive symptoms, body mass index, alcohol use, smoking history, prevalent coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and systolic blood pressure.ResultsAbout half of the participants (mean age 70.5 years) were female (53.6%), non-Hispanic White (48.3%), and completed some college and above (50.2%). Multivariate linear regressions with a reference group being those in the 1st quantile (lowest) showed that participants in the 4th quartile (highest) of serum cotinine level had lower immediate recall [β = −0.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.29, −0.03], AFT (β = −0.19, 95% CI = −0.33, −0.05), DSST (β = −0.27, 95% CI = −0.39, −0.15), and global cognition (β = −0.26, 95% CI = −0.39, −0.14) z scores. Participants in the 3rd quartile had lower immediate recall (β = −0.16, 95% CI = −0.30, −0.02) and global cognition (β = −0.16, 95% CI = −0.29, −0.02) z scores. Participants in the 2nd quartile had lower delayed recall z scores (β = −0.16, 95% CI = −0.29, −0.02).ConclusionHigher serum cotinine level was associated with worse cognitive functioning in non-smoking older adults. Prevention and reduction of SHS in older adults may help protect their cognitive functioning.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2022.1080066/fullcotininecognitive functionolder adultsNHANESsecondhand smoketobacco |
| spellingShingle | Zhenmei Fu Guiye Qi Zhe Qu Xuechun Lin Li Xu Biyu Shen Fanghong Dong Song Ge Higher blood cotinine level is associated with worse cognitive functioning in non-smoking older adults Frontiers in Neuroscience cotinine cognitive function older adults NHANES secondhand smoke tobacco |
| title | Higher blood cotinine level is associated with worse cognitive functioning in non-smoking older adults |
| title_full | Higher blood cotinine level is associated with worse cognitive functioning in non-smoking older adults |
| title_fullStr | Higher blood cotinine level is associated with worse cognitive functioning in non-smoking older adults |
| title_full_unstemmed | Higher blood cotinine level is associated with worse cognitive functioning in non-smoking older adults |
| title_short | Higher blood cotinine level is associated with worse cognitive functioning in non-smoking older adults |
| title_sort | higher blood cotinine level is associated with worse cognitive functioning in non smoking older adults |
| topic | cotinine cognitive function older adults NHANES secondhand smoke tobacco |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2022.1080066/full |
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