Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes Derived from Adipose Tissue-Sourced Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Neural and Retinal Diseases
Therapeutic agents that are able to prevent or attenuate inflammation and ischemia-induced injury of neural and retinal cells could be used for the treatment of neural and retinal diseases. Exosomes derived from adipose tissue-sourced mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSC-Exos) are extracellular vesicles t...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-04-01
|
| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/9/4487 |
| _version_ | 1797504709980848128 |
|---|---|
| author | Carl Randall Harrell Vladislav Volarevic Valentin Djonov Ana Volarevic |
| author_facet | Carl Randall Harrell Vladislav Volarevic Valentin Djonov Ana Volarevic |
| author_sort | Carl Randall Harrell |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Therapeutic agents that are able to prevent or attenuate inflammation and ischemia-induced injury of neural and retinal cells could be used for the treatment of neural and retinal diseases. Exosomes derived from adipose tissue-sourced mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSC-Exos) are extracellular vesicles that contain neurotrophins, immunoregulatory and angio-modulatory factors secreted by their parental cells. AT-MSC-Exos are enriched with bioactive molecules (microRNAs (miRNAs), enzymes, cytokines, chemokines, immunoregulatory, trophic, and growth factors), that alleviate inflammation and promote the survival of injured cells in neural and retinal tissues. Due to the nano-sized dimension and bilayer lipid envelope, AT-MSC-Exos easily bypass blood–brain and blood–retinal barriers and deliver their cargo directly into the target cells. Accordingly, a large number of experimental studies demonstrated the beneficial effects of AT-MSC-Exos in the treatment of neural and retinal diseases. By delivering neurotrophins, AT-MSC-Exos prevent apoptosis of injured neurons and retinal cells and promote neuritogenesis. AT-MSC-Exos alleviate inflammation in the injured brain, spinal cord, and retinas by delivering immunoregulatory factors in immune cells, suppressing their inflammatory properties. AT-MSC-Exos may act as biological mediators that deliver pro-angiogenic miRNAs in endothelial cells, enabling re-vascularization of ischemic neural and retinal tissues. Herewith, we summarized current knowledge about molecular mechanisms which were responsible for the beneficial effects of AT-MSC-Exos in the treatment of neural and retinal diseases, emphasizing their therapeutic potential in neurology and ophthalmology. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:08:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5f0649f2cc574150baa962fa8b59414d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:08:12Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-5f0649f2cc574150baa962fa8b59414d2023-11-23T08:17:51ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-04-01239448710.3390/ijms23094487Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes Derived from Adipose Tissue-Sourced Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Neural and Retinal DiseasesCarl Randall Harrell0Vladislav Volarevic1Valentin Djonov2Ana Volarevic3Regenerative Processing Plant, LLC, 34176 US Highway 19 N, Palm Harbor, FL 34684, USADepartment of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, SerbiaInstitute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012 Bern, SwitzerlandDepartment of Cognitive Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, SerbiaTherapeutic agents that are able to prevent or attenuate inflammation and ischemia-induced injury of neural and retinal cells could be used for the treatment of neural and retinal diseases. Exosomes derived from adipose tissue-sourced mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSC-Exos) are extracellular vesicles that contain neurotrophins, immunoregulatory and angio-modulatory factors secreted by their parental cells. AT-MSC-Exos are enriched with bioactive molecules (microRNAs (miRNAs), enzymes, cytokines, chemokines, immunoregulatory, trophic, and growth factors), that alleviate inflammation and promote the survival of injured cells in neural and retinal tissues. Due to the nano-sized dimension and bilayer lipid envelope, AT-MSC-Exos easily bypass blood–brain and blood–retinal barriers and deliver their cargo directly into the target cells. Accordingly, a large number of experimental studies demonstrated the beneficial effects of AT-MSC-Exos in the treatment of neural and retinal diseases. By delivering neurotrophins, AT-MSC-Exos prevent apoptosis of injured neurons and retinal cells and promote neuritogenesis. AT-MSC-Exos alleviate inflammation in the injured brain, spinal cord, and retinas by delivering immunoregulatory factors in immune cells, suppressing their inflammatory properties. AT-MSC-Exos may act as biological mediators that deliver pro-angiogenic miRNAs in endothelial cells, enabling re-vascularization of ischemic neural and retinal tissues. Herewith, we summarized current knowledge about molecular mechanisms which were responsible for the beneficial effects of AT-MSC-Exos in the treatment of neural and retinal diseases, emphasizing their therapeutic potential in neurology and ophthalmology.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/9/4487adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cellsexosomestherapyneural diseasesretinal diseases |
| spellingShingle | Carl Randall Harrell Vladislav Volarevic Valentin Djonov Ana Volarevic Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes Derived from Adipose Tissue-Sourced Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Neural and Retinal Diseases International Journal of Molecular Sciences adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells exosomes therapy neural diseases retinal diseases |
| title | Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes Derived from Adipose Tissue-Sourced Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Neural and Retinal Diseases |
| title_full | Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes Derived from Adipose Tissue-Sourced Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Neural and Retinal Diseases |
| title_fullStr | Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes Derived from Adipose Tissue-Sourced Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Neural and Retinal Diseases |
| title_full_unstemmed | Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes Derived from Adipose Tissue-Sourced Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Neural and Retinal Diseases |
| title_short | Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes Derived from Adipose Tissue-Sourced Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Neural and Retinal Diseases |
| title_sort | therapeutic potential of exosomes derived from adipose tissue sourced mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of neural and retinal diseases |
| topic | adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells exosomes therapy neural diseases retinal diseases |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/9/4487 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT carlrandallharrell therapeuticpotentialofexosomesderivedfromadiposetissuesourcedmesenchymalstemcellsinthetreatmentofneuralandretinaldiseases AT vladislavvolarevic therapeuticpotentialofexosomesderivedfromadiposetissuesourcedmesenchymalstemcellsinthetreatmentofneuralandretinaldiseases AT valentindjonov therapeuticpotentialofexosomesderivedfromadiposetissuesourcedmesenchymalstemcellsinthetreatmentofneuralandretinaldiseases AT anavolarevic therapeuticpotentialofexosomesderivedfromadiposetissuesourcedmesenchymalstemcellsinthetreatmentofneuralandretinaldiseases |