The Effect of Combined Atmospheric Plasma/UV Treatments on Improving the Durability of Flame Retardants Applied to Cotton
Application of a combined atmospheric plasma/UV laser to cotton fabrics impregnated with selected non-durable flame retardants (FRs) has shown evidence of covalent grafting of the latter species on to cotton fibre surfaces. As a result, an increase in their durability to water-soaking for 30 min at...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/24/8737 |
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| author | Maram Ayesh Arthur Richard Horrocks Baljinder K. Kandola |
| author_facet | Maram Ayesh Arthur Richard Horrocks Baljinder K. Kandola |
| author_sort | Maram Ayesh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Application of a combined atmospheric plasma/UV laser to cotton fabrics impregnated with selected non-durable flame retardants (FRs) has shown evidence of covalent grafting of the latter species on to cotton fibre surfaces. As a result, an increase in their durability to water-soaking for 30 min at 40 °C has been recorded. Based on previous research plasma gases comprising Ar<sup>80%</sup>/CO<sub>2</sub><sup>20%</sup> or N<sub>2</sub><sup>80%</sup>/O<sub>2</sub><sup>20%</sup> were used to pre-expose cotton fabric prior to or after FR impregnation to promote the formation of radical species and increased –COOH groups on surface cellulosic chains, which would encourage formation of FR-cellulose bonds. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermal analysis (TGA) suggested that organophosphorus- and nitrogen- containing flame retarding species in the presence of the silicon-containing molecules such as 3-aminopropyltriethoxy silane (APTS) resulted in formation of FR-S-O-cellulose links, which gave rise to post-water-soaking FR retentions > 10%. Similarly, the organophosphorus FR, diethyl N, N bis (2-hydroxyethyl) aminomethylphosphonate (DBAP), after plasma/UV exposure produced similar percentage retention values possibly via (PO).O.cellulose bond formation, While none of the plasmas/UV-treated, FR-impregnated fabrics showed self-extinction behaviour, although burning rates reduced and significant char formation was evident, it has been shown that FR durability may be increased using plasma/UV treatments. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:03:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5f2abe05da0b4bd7b220ef7ba0e772dc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:03:14Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-5f2abe05da0b4bd7b220ef7ba0e772dc2023-11-24T16:56:33ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-12-012724873710.3390/molecules27248737The Effect of Combined Atmospheric Plasma/UV Treatments on Improving the Durability of Flame Retardants Applied to CottonMaram Ayesh0Arthur Richard Horrocks1Baljinder K. Kandola2IMRI, School of Engineering, University of Bolton, Bolton BL3 5AB, UKIMRI, School of Engineering, University of Bolton, Bolton BL3 5AB, UKIMRI, School of Engineering, University of Bolton, Bolton BL3 5AB, UKApplication of a combined atmospheric plasma/UV laser to cotton fabrics impregnated with selected non-durable flame retardants (FRs) has shown evidence of covalent grafting of the latter species on to cotton fibre surfaces. As a result, an increase in their durability to water-soaking for 30 min at 40 °C has been recorded. Based on previous research plasma gases comprising Ar<sup>80%</sup>/CO<sub>2</sub><sup>20%</sup> or N<sub>2</sub><sup>80%</sup>/O<sub>2</sub><sup>20%</sup> were used to pre-expose cotton fabric prior to or after FR impregnation to promote the formation of radical species and increased –COOH groups on surface cellulosic chains, which would encourage formation of FR-cellulose bonds. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermal analysis (TGA) suggested that organophosphorus- and nitrogen- containing flame retarding species in the presence of the silicon-containing molecules such as 3-aminopropyltriethoxy silane (APTS) resulted in formation of FR-S-O-cellulose links, which gave rise to post-water-soaking FR retentions > 10%. Similarly, the organophosphorus FR, diethyl N, N bis (2-hydroxyethyl) aminomethylphosphonate (DBAP), after plasma/UV exposure produced similar percentage retention values possibly via (PO).O.cellulose bond formation, While none of the plasmas/UV-treated, FR-impregnated fabrics showed self-extinction behaviour, although burning rates reduced and significant char formation was evident, it has been shown that FR durability may be increased using plasma/UV treatments.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/24/8737atmospheric plasmaUV lasercottonflame retardantdiammonium phosphateurea |
| spellingShingle | Maram Ayesh Arthur Richard Horrocks Baljinder K. Kandola The Effect of Combined Atmospheric Plasma/UV Treatments on Improving the Durability of Flame Retardants Applied to Cotton Molecules atmospheric plasma UV laser cotton flame retardant diammonium phosphate urea |
| title | The Effect of Combined Atmospheric Plasma/UV Treatments on Improving the Durability of Flame Retardants Applied to Cotton |
| title_full | The Effect of Combined Atmospheric Plasma/UV Treatments on Improving the Durability of Flame Retardants Applied to Cotton |
| title_fullStr | The Effect of Combined Atmospheric Plasma/UV Treatments on Improving the Durability of Flame Retardants Applied to Cotton |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effect of Combined Atmospheric Plasma/UV Treatments on Improving the Durability of Flame Retardants Applied to Cotton |
| title_short | The Effect of Combined Atmospheric Plasma/UV Treatments on Improving the Durability of Flame Retardants Applied to Cotton |
| title_sort | effect of combined atmospheric plasma uv treatments on improving the durability of flame retardants applied to cotton |
| topic | atmospheric plasma UV laser cotton flame retardant diammonium phosphate urea |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/24/8737 |
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