When nature needs a helping hand: Different levels of human intervention for mangrove (re-)establishment
Protecting existing mangrove forests is a priority for global conservation because of the wide range of services that these coastal forests provide to humankind. Despite the recent reduction in global rates of mangrove loss, high historical loss rates mean that there are at least 800,000 ha globally...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-08-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Forests and Global Change |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2022.784322/full |
| _version_ | 1818517497419137024 |
|---|---|
| author | Martin Zimmer Martin Zimmer Martin Zimmer Gordon N. Ajonina Gordon N. Ajonina Gordon N. Ajonina A. Aldrie Amir A. Aldrie Amir Simon M. Cragg Simon M. Cragg Stephen Crooks Stephen Crooks Farid Dahdouh-Guebas Farid Dahdouh-Guebas Farid Dahdouh-Guebas Farid Dahdouh-Guebas Norman C. Duke Norman C. Duke Sara Fratini Sara Fratini Daniel A. Friess Daniel A. Friess Daniel A. Friess Véronique Helfer Mark Huxham Mark Huxham Kandasamy Kathiresan Kandasamy Kathiresan K. A. Sunanda Kodikara Nico Koedam Nico Koedam Shing Yip Lee Shing Yip Lee Mwita M. Mangora Mwita M. Mangora Mwita M. Mangora Jurgenne Primavera Jurgenne Primavera Behara Satyanarayana Behara Satyanarayana Behara Satyanarayana Jean Wan Hong Yong Jean Wan Hong Yong Dominic Wodehouse Dominic Wodehouse |
| author_facet | Martin Zimmer Martin Zimmer Martin Zimmer Gordon N. Ajonina Gordon N. Ajonina Gordon N. Ajonina A. Aldrie Amir A. Aldrie Amir Simon M. Cragg Simon M. Cragg Stephen Crooks Stephen Crooks Farid Dahdouh-Guebas Farid Dahdouh-Guebas Farid Dahdouh-Guebas Farid Dahdouh-Guebas Norman C. Duke Norman C. Duke Sara Fratini Sara Fratini Daniel A. Friess Daniel A. Friess Daniel A. Friess Véronique Helfer Mark Huxham Mark Huxham Kandasamy Kathiresan Kandasamy Kathiresan K. A. Sunanda Kodikara Nico Koedam Nico Koedam Shing Yip Lee Shing Yip Lee Mwita M. Mangora Mwita M. Mangora Mwita M. Mangora Jurgenne Primavera Jurgenne Primavera Behara Satyanarayana Behara Satyanarayana Behara Satyanarayana Jean Wan Hong Yong Jean Wan Hong Yong Dominic Wodehouse Dominic Wodehouse |
| author_sort | Martin Zimmer |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Protecting existing mangrove forests is a priority for global conservation because of the wide range of services that these coastal forests provide to humankind. Despite the recent reduction in global rates of mangrove loss, high historical loss rates mean that there are at least 800,000 ha globally that are potentially suitable for mangrove re-establishment. Recently deposited mud banks or intertidal, previously terrestrial, land might provide additional habitat for expanding mangrove areas locally. There is a long history of mangrove rehabilitation. However, despite numerous good examples of, and growing expertise in, natural or assisted (re-)establishment activities, most mangrove planting efforts, for instance, either fail entirely or meet with only limited success. Exposed to waves and currents and subject to tidal inundation, mangroves differ from terrestrial forests, and approaches to, or tools for, terrestrial forest restoration cannot easily be transferred to mangrove forests. Successful mangrove (re-)establishment usually requires a robust understanding of the abiotic and biotic conditions of the chosen site, the ecological requirements of the mangrove species used or facilitated, the reasons for previous mangrove loss or degradation, as well as the barriers–both societal and ecological–that have prevented natural recovery to date. Because most mangrove forests are socio-ecological systems, with which local human populations are intimately engaged, (re-)establishment will normally require the support of, and engagement with, local communities and other local stakeholders. Here, we summarize where, when and why (re-)establishment of mangroves is needed and how to assess this need. We discuss a range of potential aims and goals of mangrove (re-)establishment along with potential pitfalls along the way from conceiving the initial idea to its realization. We compare different technical and conceptual approaches to mangrove (re-)establishment, their challenges and opportunities, and their design and financial requirements, as well as potential solutions. We ground our final outlook and recommendations on examples of successful efforts and the factors that rendered (re-)establishment successful in the past. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T00:57:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5f524fd04b254319bb9869f8991877d4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2624-893X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T00:57:03Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Forests and Global Change |
| spelling | doaj.art-5f524fd04b254319bb9869f8991877d42022-12-22T01:26:26ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Forests and Global Change2624-893X2022-08-01510.3389/ffgc.2022.784322784322When nature needs a helping hand: Different levels of human intervention for mangrove (re-)establishmentMartin Zimmer0Martin Zimmer1Martin Zimmer2Gordon N. Ajonina3Gordon N. Ajonina4Gordon N. Ajonina5A. Aldrie Amir6A. Aldrie Amir7Simon M. Cragg8Simon M. Cragg9Stephen Crooks10Stephen Crooks11Farid Dahdouh-Guebas12Farid Dahdouh-Guebas13Farid Dahdouh-Guebas14Farid Dahdouh-Guebas15Norman C. Duke16Norman C. Duke17Sara Fratini18Sara Fratini19Daniel A. Friess20Daniel A. Friess21Daniel A. Friess22Véronique Helfer23Mark Huxham24Mark Huxham25Kandasamy Kathiresan26Kandasamy Kathiresan27K. A. Sunanda Kodikara28Nico Koedam29Nico Koedam30Shing Yip Lee31Shing Yip Lee32Mwita M. Mangora33Mwita M. Mangora34Mwita M. Mangora35Jurgenne Primavera36Jurgenne Primavera37Behara Satyanarayana38Behara Satyanarayana39Behara Satyanarayana40Jean Wan Hong Yong41Jean Wan Hong Yong42Dominic Wodehouse43Dominic Wodehouse44Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen, GermanyFaculty 2 Biology/Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, GermanyIUCN-SSC Mangrove Specialist Group, Gland, SwitzerlandIUCN-SSC Mangrove Specialist Group, Gland, SwitzerlandDepartment of Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, CameroonCameroon Wildlife Conservation Society, Mangrove & Coastal Wetlands Research Centre, Mouanko, CameroonIUCN-SSC Mangrove Specialist Group, Gland, SwitzerlandInstitute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, MalaysiaIUCN-SSC Mangrove Specialist Group, Gland, SwitzerlandInstitute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United KingdomIUCN-SSC Mangrove Specialist Group, Gland, SwitzerlandSilvestrum Climate Associates, Sausalito, CA, United StatesIUCN-SSC Mangrove Specialist Group, Gland, SwitzerlandSystems Ecology and Resource Management Research Unit (SERM), Department of Organism Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium0Ecology and Biodiversity, Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium1Interfaculty Institute of Social-Ecological Transitions, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, BelgiumIUCN-SSC Mangrove Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland2Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, AustraliaIUCN-SSC Mangrove Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland3Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, ItalyIUCN-SSC Mangrove Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland4Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore5Centre for Nature-based Climate Solutions, National University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeLeibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen, GermanyIUCN-SSC Mangrove Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland6School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United KingdomIUCN-SSC Mangrove Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland7Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India8Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri LankaIUCN-SSC Mangrove Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland0Ecology and Biodiversity, Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, BelgiumIUCN-SSC Mangrove Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland9Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaIUCN-SSC Mangrove Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland0Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania1Western Indian Ocean Mangrove Network, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaIUCN-SSC Mangrove Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland2Zoological Society of London, Iloilo City, PhilippinesIUCN-SSC Mangrove Specialist Group, Gland, SwitzerlandSystems Ecology and Resource Management Research Unit (SERM), Department of Organism Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium3Mangrove Research Unit (MARU), Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Kuala Terengganu, MalaysiaIUCN-SSC Mangrove Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland4Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, SwedenIUCN-SSC Mangrove Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland5Mangrove Action Project, Seattle, WA, United StatesProtecting existing mangrove forests is a priority for global conservation because of the wide range of services that these coastal forests provide to humankind. Despite the recent reduction in global rates of mangrove loss, high historical loss rates mean that there are at least 800,000 ha globally that are potentially suitable for mangrove re-establishment. Recently deposited mud banks or intertidal, previously terrestrial, land might provide additional habitat for expanding mangrove areas locally. There is a long history of mangrove rehabilitation. However, despite numerous good examples of, and growing expertise in, natural or assisted (re-)establishment activities, most mangrove planting efforts, for instance, either fail entirely or meet with only limited success. Exposed to waves and currents and subject to tidal inundation, mangroves differ from terrestrial forests, and approaches to, or tools for, terrestrial forest restoration cannot easily be transferred to mangrove forests. Successful mangrove (re-)establishment usually requires a robust understanding of the abiotic and biotic conditions of the chosen site, the ecological requirements of the mangrove species used or facilitated, the reasons for previous mangrove loss or degradation, as well as the barriers–both societal and ecological–that have prevented natural recovery to date. Because most mangrove forests are socio-ecological systems, with which local human populations are intimately engaged, (re-)establishment will normally require the support of, and engagement with, local communities and other local stakeholders. Here, we summarize where, when and why (re-)establishment of mangroves is needed and how to assess this need. We discuss a range of potential aims and goals of mangrove (re-)establishment along with potential pitfalls along the way from conceiving the initial idea to its realization. We compare different technical and conceptual approaches to mangrove (re-)establishment, their challenges and opportunities, and their design and financial requirements, as well as potential solutions. We ground our final outlook and recommendations on examples of successful efforts and the factors that rendered (re-)establishment successful in the past.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2022.784322/fullmangrove forestrestorationrehabilitationafforestationEcosystem Designreforestation |
| spellingShingle | Martin Zimmer Martin Zimmer Martin Zimmer Gordon N. Ajonina Gordon N. Ajonina Gordon N. Ajonina A. Aldrie Amir A. Aldrie Amir Simon M. Cragg Simon M. Cragg Stephen Crooks Stephen Crooks Farid Dahdouh-Guebas Farid Dahdouh-Guebas Farid Dahdouh-Guebas Farid Dahdouh-Guebas Norman C. Duke Norman C. Duke Sara Fratini Sara Fratini Daniel A. Friess Daniel A. Friess Daniel A. Friess Véronique Helfer Mark Huxham Mark Huxham Kandasamy Kathiresan Kandasamy Kathiresan K. A. Sunanda Kodikara Nico Koedam Nico Koedam Shing Yip Lee Shing Yip Lee Mwita M. Mangora Mwita M. Mangora Mwita M. Mangora Jurgenne Primavera Jurgenne Primavera Behara Satyanarayana Behara Satyanarayana Behara Satyanarayana Jean Wan Hong Yong Jean Wan Hong Yong Dominic Wodehouse Dominic Wodehouse When nature needs a helping hand: Different levels of human intervention for mangrove (re-)establishment Frontiers in Forests and Global Change mangrove forest restoration rehabilitation afforestation Ecosystem Design reforestation |
| title | When nature needs a helping hand: Different levels of human intervention for mangrove (re-)establishment |
| title_full | When nature needs a helping hand: Different levels of human intervention for mangrove (re-)establishment |
| title_fullStr | When nature needs a helping hand: Different levels of human intervention for mangrove (re-)establishment |
| title_full_unstemmed | When nature needs a helping hand: Different levels of human intervention for mangrove (re-)establishment |
| title_short | When nature needs a helping hand: Different levels of human intervention for mangrove (re-)establishment |
| title_sort | when nature needs a helping hand different levels of human intervention for mangrove re establishment |
| topic | mangrove forest restoration rehabilitation afforestation Ecosystem Design reforestation |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2022.784322/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT martinzimmer whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT martinzimmer whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT martinzimmer whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT gordonnajonina whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT gordonnajonina whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT gordonnajonina whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT aaldrieamir whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT aaldrieamir whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT simonmcragg whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT simonmcragg whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT stephencrooks whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT stephencrooks whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT fariddahdouhguebas whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT fariddahdouhguebas whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT fariddahdouhguebas whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT fariddahdouhguebas whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT normancduke whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT normancduke whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT sarafratini whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT sarafratini whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT danielafriess whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT danielafriess whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT danielafriess whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT veroniquehelfer whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT markhuxham whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT markhuxham whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT kandasamykathiresan whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT kandasamykathiresan whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT kasunandakodikara whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT nicokoedam whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT nicokoedam whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT shingyiplee whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT shingyiplee whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT mwitammangora whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT mwitammangora whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT mwitammangora whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT jurgenneprimavera whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT jurgenneprimavera whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT beharasatyanarayana whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT beharasatyanarayana whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT beharasatyanarayana whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT jeanwanhongyong whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT jeanwanhongyong whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT dominicwodehouse whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment AT dominicwodehouse whennatureneedsahelpinghanddifferentlevelsofhumaninterventionformangrovereestablishment |