Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Schiff Base Metal–Ligand Complexes with Copper and Nickel Centres for Electrochemical In Vitro Sensing of Nitric Oxide in an Aqueous Solution
Nitric oxide (NO), the smallest signalling molecule known in the human body, keeps blood vessels dilated, controls blood pressure, and has numerous other health regulatory effects. The use of Schiff base complexes incorporated onto electrodes to make electrochemical sensors has been explored as an e...
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Chemosensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/10/5/175 |
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| author | Teboho N. Moeketse Priscilla G. Baker Al. C. Farao Emmanuel I. Iwuoha |
| author_facet | Teboho N. Moeketse Priscilla G. Baker Al. C. Farao Emmanuel I. Iwuoha |
| author_sort | Teboho N. Moeketse |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nitric oxide (NO), the smallest signalling molecule known in the human body, keeps blood vessels dilated, controls blood pressure, and has numerous other health regulatory effects. The use of Schiff base complexes incorporated onto electrodes to make electrochemical sensors has been explored as an effective method for the determination and quantification of nitric oxide in aqueous solutions. Schiff base ligands were complexed with Cu and Ni metal centres using the microwave synthesis method to produce metal–ligand complexes with enhanced capabilites for NO detection. The electrical current generated at the anode is directly proportional to NO concentrations in the solution through its oxidation to HNO<sub>3</sub>. Various characterisation techniques were implemented to verify the integrity of each step of metal–ligand synthesis as well as the final product produced, using FT-IR, UV-VIS, and TGA. The as-synthesised Schiff base complexes were electrodeposited on screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) and electrochemically evaluated in a 0.1 M PBS. Furthermore, metal complexes were screened for their in vitro activity towards NO detection in an aqueous solution (PBS). The results show that the investigated sensors (SPCE/Ni-BPND and SPCE/Cu-BPND) respond positively toward NO detection. It was, therefore, identified that the two sensors also do not differ significantly in terms of precision, sensitivity, and lowest detection limit. The sensor strategies demonstrate the NO limits of detection of 0.22 µM and 0.09 µM, and they also demonstrate sensitivity values of 16.3 µA/µM and 13.1 µA/µM for SPCE/Cu-BPND and SPCE/Ni-BPND sensors, respectively. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:09:38Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:09:38Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
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| series | Chemosensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-5f7f94cc17bb4dd1ae28f353ca3f2ae02023-11-23T10:29:03ZengMDPI AGChemosensors2227-90402022-05-0110517510.3390/chemosensors10050175Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Schiff Base Metal–Ligand Complexes with Copper and Nickel Centres for Electrochemical In Vitro Sensing of Nitric Oxide in an Aqueous SolutionTeboho N. Moeketse0Priscilla G. Baker1Al. C. Farao2Emmanuel I. Iwuoha3SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South AfricaSensorLab, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South AfricaSensorLab, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South AfricaSensorLab, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South AfricaNitric oxide (NO), the smallest signalling molecule known in the human body, keeps blood vessels dilated, controls blood pressure, and has numerous other health regulatory effects. The use of Schiff base complexes incorporated onto electrodes to make electrochemical sensors has been explored as an effective method for the determination and quantification of nitric oxide in aqueous solutions. Schiff base ligands were complexed with Cu and Ni metal centres using the microwave synthesis method to produce metal–ligand complexes with enhanced capabilites for NO detection. The electrical current generated at the anode is directly proportional to NO concentrations in the solution through its oxidation to HNO<sub>3</sub>. Various characterisation techniques were implemented to verify the integrity of each step of metal–ligand synthesis as well as the final product produced, using FT-IR, UV-VIS, and TGA. The as-synthesised Schiff base complexes were electrodeposited on screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) and electrochemically evaluated in a 0.1 M PBS. Furthermore, metal complexes were screened for their in vitro activity towards NO detection in an aqueous solution (PBS). The results show that the investigated sensors (SPCE/Ni-BPND and SPCE/Cu-BPND) respond positively toward NO detection. It was, therefore, identified that the two sensors also do not differ significantly in terms of precision, sensitivity, and lowest detection limit. The sensor strategies demonstrate the NO limits of detection of 0.22 µM and 0.09 µM, and they also demonstrate sensitivity values of 16.3 µA/µM and 13.1 µA/µM for SPCE/Cu-BPND and SPCE/Ni-BPND sensors, respectively.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/10/5/175Schiff basesmetal complexesmicrowave synthesiselectrochemical sensornitric oxideemerging pollutants |
| spellingShingle | Teboho N. Moeketse Priscilla G. Baker Al. C. Farao Emmanuel I. Iwuoha Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Schiff Base Metal–Ligand Complexes with Copper and Nickel Centres for Electrochemical In Vitro Sensing of Nitric Oxide in an Aqueous Solution Chemosensors Schiff bases metal complexes microwave synthesis electrochemical sensor nitric oxide emerging pollutants |
| title | Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Schiff Base Metal–Ligand Complexes with Copper and Nickel Centres for Electrochemical In Vitro Sensing of Nitric Oxide in an Aqueous Solution |
| title_full | Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Schiff Base Metal–Ligand Complexes with Copper and Nickel Centres for Electrochemical In Vitro Sensing of Nitric Oxide in an Aqueous Solution |
| title_fullStr | Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Schiff Base Metal–Ligand Complexes with Copper and Nickel Centres for Electrochemical In Vitro Sensing of Nitric Oxide in an Aqueous Solution |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Schiff Base Metal–Ligand Complexes with Copper and Nickel Centres for Electrochemical In Vitro Sensing of Nitric Oxide in an Aqueous Solution |
| title_short | Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Schiff Base Metal–Ligand Complexes with Copper and Nickel Centres for Electrochemical In Vitro Sensing of Nitric Oxide in an Aqueous Solution |
| title_sort | microwave assisted synthesis of schiff base metal ligand complexes with copper and nickel centres for electrochemical in vitro sensing of nitric oxide in an aqueous solution |
| topic | Schiff bases metal complexes microwave synthesis electrochemical sensor nitric oxide emerging pollutants |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/10/5/175 |
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